論文使用權限 Thesis access permission:校內校外完全公開 unrestricted
開放時間 Available:
校內 Campus: 已公開 available
校外 Off-campus: 已公開 available
論文名稱 Title |
以情緒勞動之觀點探討社群媒體疲勞 Exploring social media fatigue from the perspective of emotional labor |
||
系所名稱 Department |
|||
畢業學年期 Year, semester |
語文別 Language |
||
學位類別 Degree |
頁數 Number of pages |
73 |
|
研究生 Author |
|||
指導教授 Advisor |
|||
召集委員 Convenor |
|||
口試委員 Advisory Committee |
|||
口試日期 Date of Exam |
2021-06-15 |
繳交日期 Date of Submission |
2021-07-05 |
關鍵字 Keywords |
社群媒體疲勞、情緒勞動、使用滿足理論、表面行為、表演規則 Social media fatigue, Emotional labor, Use and gratification theory, Surface acting, Display rules |
||
統計 Statistics |
本論文已被瀏覽 492 次,被下載 181 次 The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 492 times, has been downloaded 181 times. |
中文摘要 |
由於網際網路的普及,社群媒體也已經默默地融入我們的生活,人們日常上的聯絡以及情感的交流也越來越依靠著社群媒體。隨著社群媒體的迅速崛起,越來越多研究表示社群媒體社群媒體會對使用者產生負面影響,也就是社群媒體疲勞,社群媒體疲勞的研究相當廣泛,切入點也相當多,而本研究則將以情緒勞動的觀點對社群媒體疲勞加以解釋。 透過將前人研究中所歸納出的社群媒體表演規則,作為情緒勞動中的表演規則做使用,看看這些規則是否真的約束著使用者,使用者是否會因此以深層行為以及表面行為應對,以及最終是否造成使用者的社群媒體疲勞。另外,我們也加入了使用滿足理論進行討論,看看使用者對於社群媒體的滿足感是否會減緩他們的疲勞感以及疲勞後的行為。本研究總共收了409份的有效問卷,結果也驗證了情緒勞動的觀點確實可以應證在社群媒體疲勞中。希望透過本研究,能夠對社群媒體疲勞領域增添新穎的觀點。 |
Abstract |
Due to the popularity of the Internet, social media has been silently integrated into our lives. Now, people always use social media for daily communication. With the rapid rise of social media, more and more studies have shown that social media will have a negative impact on users, which is called social media fatigue. The research on social media fatigue is quite extensive and there are many entry points. , And this research will explain social media fatigue from the perspective of emotional labor. Through the use of social media performance rules summarized in previous studies as display rules in emotional labor, see if these rules really restrict users and whether users will respond with deep performances and superficial performances. , And whether it ultimately causes users’ social media fatigue. In addition, we have also joined the Use and Gratification Theory to discuss whether users’ satisfaction with social media will reduce their fatigue and behavior after fatigue. A total of 409 valid questionnaires were collected in this study, and the results also verified that the viewpoint of emotional labor can indeed be proved in social media fatigue. We hope that through this research, we can add a new viewpoint to the field of social media fatigue. |
目次 Table of Contents |
目錄 論文審定書......................................................... i 摘要.............................................................. ii Abstract.......................................................... iii 目錄.............................................................. iv 圖次............................................................... v 表次.............................................................. vi 第一章 緒論........................................................ 1 第一節 研究背景................................................ 1 第二節 研究問題與目的.......................................... 4 第三節 研究流程................................................ 4 第二章 文獻探討.................................................... 6 第一節 社群媒體疲勞............................................ 6 第二節 情緒勞動................................................ 7 第三節 社群媒體的互動規則...................................... 9 第四節 心理所有權............................................. 10 第五節 使用滿足理論........................................... 11 第六節 不連續意圖............................................. 13 第三章 研究方法................................................... 14 第一節 研究模型............................................... 14 第二節 研究假說............................................... 15 第三節 操作型定義............................................. 20 第四節 研究設計............................................... 21 第四章 資料分析................................................... 27 第一節 基本資料分析........................................... 27 第二節 衡量模型............................................... 29 第三節 模型假說與驗證......................................... 39 第五章 結論....................................................... 42 第一節 研究結果與建議......................................... 42 第二節 理論以及實務意涵....................................... 45 第三節 研究限制............................................... 47 第四節 未來研究方向........................................... 48 參考文獻.......................................................... 49 附錄.本研究正式問卷............................................... 60 圖次 圖1-1 研究流程.................................................... 5 圖3-1 研究模型................................................... 14 圖4-1 結構方程式模型分析結果..................................... 40 表次 表3-1 各變數操作型定義........................................... 20 表3-2 溝通間的規則之問項......................................... 22 表3-3 關係維護的規則之問項....................................... 22 表3-4 避免自我負面後果的規則之問項............................... 22 表3-5 避免對朋友負面後果的規則之問項............................. 23 表3-6 社群媒體表面行為之問項..................................... 23 表3-7 社群媒體深層行為之問項.................................,,,. 24 表3-8 社群媒體疲勞之問項......................................... 24 表3-9 社群媒體不連續使用意圖之問項............................... 25 表3-10 社群媒體心理所有權之問項................................,. 25 表3-11 社交互動之問項............................................ 26 表3-12 消磨時間之問項............................................ 26 表4-1 基本資料................................................... 28 表4-2 各構念信效度............................................... 31 表4-3 PLS 驗證性因素分析以及交叉負荷矩陣......................... 32 表4-4 平均變異萃取量平方根與其他構念之係數比較表.............,,,. 34 表4-5 HTMT (Heterotrait monotrait ratio of correlations).....,,,. 34 表4-6 各構念信效度............................................... 35 表4-7 共同方法偏誤-Harman 單因子檢定............................. 36 表4-8 共同方法偏誤-Latent Method Variable 檢定................... 38 表4-9 假說驗證對照表............................................. 41 |
參考文獻 References |
林永森, 黃文雄, 張少熙, & 林玲玉. (2015). 表層及深層演出對工作倦怠與離職意圖之影響: 兼論幽默感之調節效果. 戶外遊憩研究, 28(1), 73–103. 英國皇家公共衛生學會. (2017). StatusofMind. https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/campaigns/status-of-mind.html 鄭仁偉, 陳春希, 袁梅玲, & 李姿瑩. (2012). 不當督導, 印象管理與退卻行為之研究-表層演出與深層演出的中介效果. 輔仁管理評論, 19(2), 1–27. Abraham, R. (1998). Emotional dissonance in organizations: Antecedents, consequences, and moderators. Genetic, social, and general psychology monographs, 124(2), 229. Argyle, M., & Henderson, M. (1984). The rules of friendship. Journal of social and personal relationships, 1(2), 211–237. Ashforth, B. E., & Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of management review, 18(1), 88–115. Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., Crossley, C. D., & Luthans, F. (2009). Psychological ownership: Theoretical extensions, measurement and relation to work outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(2), 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.583 Bright, L. F., Kleiser, S. B., & Grau, S. L. (2015). Too much Facebook? An exploratory examination of social media fatigue. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 148–155. Brotheridge, C. M., & Grandey, A. A. (2002). Emotional labor and burnout: Comparing two perspectives of “people work”. Journal of vocational behavior, 60(1), 17–39. Brotheridge, C. M., & Lee, R. T. (2003). Development and validation of the Emotional Labour Scale. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(3), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317903769647229 Bryant, E. M., & Marmo, J. (2012). The rules of Facebook friendship: A two-stage examination of interaction rules in close, casual, and acquaintance friendships. Journal of social and personal relationships, 29(8), 1013–1035. Chen, K.-Y., Chang, C.-W., & Wang, C.-H. (2019). Frontline employees’ passion and emotional exhaustion: The mediating role of emotional labor strategies. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 76, 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.05.006 Cheung, C. M. K., Liu, I. L. B., & Lee, M. K. O. (2015). How online social interactions influence customer information contribution behavior in online social shopping communities: A social learning theory perspective. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 66(12), 2511–2521. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23340 Chi, N.-W., Grandey, A. A., Diamond, J. A., & Krimmel, K. R. (2011). Want a tip? Service performance as a function of emotion regulation and extraversion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(6), 1337. Chin, W. W., & Todd, P. A. (1995). On the Use, Usefulness, and Ease of Use of Structural Equation Modeling in MIS Research: A Note of Caution. MIS Quarterly, 19(2), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.2307/249690 Choi, H.-M., Mohammad, A. A. A., & Kim, W. G. (2019). Understanding hotel frontline employees’ emotional intelligence, emotional labor, job stress, coping strategies and burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 82, 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.05.002 Choi, S. B., & Lim, M. S. (2016). Effects of social and technology overload on psychological well-being in young South Korean adults: The mediatory role of social network service addiction. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 245–254. Dhir, A., Kaur, P., Chen, S., & Pallesen, S. (2019). Antecedents and consequences of social media fatigue. International Journal of Information Management, 48, 193–202. Dhir, A., Yossatorn, Y., Kaur, P., & Chen, S. (2018). Online social media fatigue and psychological wellbeing—A study of compulsive use, fear of missing out, fatigue, anxiety and depression. International Journal of Information Management, 40, 141–152. Diamantopoulos, A., & Siguaw, J. A. (2006). Formative Versus Reflective Indicators in Organizational Measure Development: A Comparison and Empirical Illustration. British Journal of Management, 17(4), 263–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00500.x Diefendorff, J. M., Croyle, M. H., & Gosserand, R. H. (2005). The dimensionality and antecedents of emotional labor strategies. Journal of vocational behavior, 66(2), 339–357. Dolan, R., Conduit, J., Fahy, J., & Goodman, S. (2016). Social media engagement behaviour: A uses and gratifications perspective. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 24(3–4), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2015.1095222 Dyne, L. V., & Pierce, J. L. (2004). Psychological ownership and feelings of possession: Three field studies predicting employee attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(4), 439–459. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.249 Ekman, P. (1973). Cross-cultural studies of facial expression. Darwin and facial expression: A century of research in review, 169222(1). Emotional Labor and Burnout: Comparing Two Perspectives of “People Work” | Elsevier Enhanced Reader. (不詳). https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2001.1815 Facebook. (2020, 八月 3). Top 20 Facebook Statistics—Updated August 2020. Zephoria Inc. https://zephoria.com/top-15-valuable-facebook-statistics/ Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance (卷 2). Stanford university press. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382–388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313 Fu, S., Li, H., Liu, Y., Pirkkalainen, H., & Salo, M. (2020). Social media overload, exhaustion, and use discontinuance: Examining the effects of information overload, system feature overload, and social overload. Information Processing & Management, 57(6), 102307. Gan, C., & Li, H. (2018). Understanding the effects of gratifications on the continuance intention to use WeChat in China: A perspective on uses and gratifications. Computers in Human Behavior, 78, 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.10.003 Goasduff & Pettey, T. (2011, 八月 16). Gartner Survey Highlights Consumer Fatigue with Social Media. YourStory.Com. https://yourstory.com/2011/08/gartner-survey-highlights-consumer-fatigue-with-social-media Gong, T., Park, J., & Hyun, H. (2020). Customer response toward employees’ emotional labor in service industry settings. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 52, 101899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.101899 Gosserand, R. H., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2005). Emotional display rules and emotional labor: The moderating role of commitment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1256. Grandey, A. A. (2003). When “the show must go on”: Surface acting and deep acting as determinants of emotional exhaustion and peer-rated service delivery. Academy of management Journal, 46(1), 86–96. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 Hochschild. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling, by Arlie Russell Hochschild. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1983, 307 pp. Price: $14.95. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 3(3), 483–483. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.4050030365 Hossain, M. A., Kim, M., & Jahan, N. (2019). Can “Liking” Behavior Lead to Usage Intention on Facebook? Uses and Gratification Theory Perspective. Sustainability, 11(4), 1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041166 Hwang, M.-Y., Hong, J.-C., Tai, K.-H., Chen, J.-T., & Gouldthorp, T. (2020). The relationship between the online social anxiety, perceived information overload and fatigue, and job engagement of civil servant LINE users. Government Information Quarterly, 37(1), 101423. Instagram. (2018). 用戶如何看待及使用 Instagram Stories 和動態消息? | Instagram for Business. https://business.instagram.com/blog/how-do-people-perceive-and-use-instagram-stories-and-feed?locale=zh_TW Islam, A. N., Laato, S., Talukder, S., & Sutinen, E. (2020). Misinformation sharing and social media fatigue during COVID-19: An affordance and cognitive load perspective. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 159, 120201. James Parker Doyle. (2017). The History of Communication Technology -https://www.conferencecallsunlimited.com/history-of-communication-technology/ Kammeyer‐Mueller, J. D., Rubenstein, A. L., Long, D. M., Odio, M. A., Buckman, B. R., Zhang, Y., & Halvorsen‐Ganepola, M. D. K. (2013). A Meta-Analytic Structural Model of Dispositonal Affectivity and Emotional Labor. Personnel Psychology, 66(1), 47–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12009 Karahanna, E., Xu, S. X., & Zhang, N. (2015). Psychological ownership motivation and use of social media. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 23(2), 185–207. Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1973). Uses and Gratifications Research. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 37(4), 509–523. Kim, H. J. (2008). Hotel service providers’ emotional labor: The antecedents and effects on burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.07.019 Kwon, S. (2020). Understanding user participation from the perspective of psychological ownership: The moderating role of social distance. Computers in Human Behavior, 105, 106207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019.106207 Lam, W., & Chen, Z. (2012). When I put on my service mask: Determinants and outcomes of emotional labor among hotel service providers according to affective event theory. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.009 LaRose, R., Connolly, R., Lee, H., Li, K., & Hales, K. D. (2014). Connection Overload? A Cross Cultural Study of the Consequences of Social Media Connection. Information Systems Management, 31(1), 59–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2014.854097 Lee, A. R., Son, S.-M., & Kim, K. K. (2016). Information and communication technology overload and social networking service fatigue: A stress perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.08.011 Lee, S., & Kim, D.-Y. (2020). The BRAND tourism effect on loyal customer experiences in luxury hotel: The moderating role of psychological ownership. Tourism Management Perspectives, 35, 100725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100725 Lee, Y., & Chen, A. N. K. (2011). Usability Design and Psychological Ownership of a Virtual World. Journal of Management Information Systems, 28(3), 269–308. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222280308 Lee, Y. H. (2019). Emotional labor, teacher burnout, and turnover intention in high-school physical education teaching. European Physical Education Review, 25(1), 236–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X17719559 Li, Y., Yang, S., Zhang, S., & Zhang, W. (2019). Mobile social media use intention in emergencies among Gen Y in China: An integrative framework of gratifications, task-technology fit, and media dependency. Telematics and Informatics, 42, 101244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2019.101244 Lin, Y.-H., Hsu, C.-L., Chen, M.-F., & Fang, C.-H. (2017). New gratifications for social word-of-mouth spread via mobile SNSs: Uses and gratifications approach with a perspective of media technology. Telematics and Informatics, 34(4), 382–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2016.08.019 Luqman, A., Cao, X., Ali, A., Masood, A., & Yu, L. (2017). Empirical investigation of Facebook discontinues usage intentions based on SOR paradigm. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 544–555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.020 Maier, C., Laumer, S., Eckhardt, A., & Weitzel, T. (2015). Giving too much social support: Social overload on social networking sites. European Journal of Information Systems, 24(5), 447–464. https://doi.org/10.1057/ejis.2014.3 Malik, A., Dhir, A., Kaur, P., & Johri, A. (2020). Correlates of social media fatigue and academic performance decrement. Information Technology & People. Marcoulides, G. A. (1998). Modern Methods for Business Research. Psychology Press. Morris, J. A., & Feldman, D. C. (1997). Managing emotions in the workplace. Journal of managerial issues, 257–274. Näring, G., Briët, M., & Brouwers, A. (2006). Beyond demand–control: Emotional labour and symptoms of burnout in teachers. Work & Stress, 20(4), 303–315. Olk, S., Lindenmeier, J., Tscheulin, D. K., & Zogaj, A. (2021). Emotional labor in a non-isolated service encounter—The impact of customer observation on perceived authenticity and perceived fairness. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58, 102316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102316 Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The Self Online: The Utility of Personal Home Pages. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46(3), 346–368. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4603_3 Philipp, A., & Schüpbach, H. (2010). Longitudinal effects of emotional labour on emotional exhaustion and dedication of teachers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15(4), 494. Pierce, J. L., Kostova, T., & Dirks, K. T. (2003). The State of Psychological Ownership: Integrating and Extending a Century of Research. Review of General Psychology, 7(1), 84–107. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.7.1.84 Pierce, J. L., & Peck, J. (2018). The History of Psychological Ownership and Its Emergence in Consumer Psychology. 收入 J. Peck & S. B. Shu (編輯), Psychological Ownership and Consumer Behavior (頁 1–18). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77158-8_1 Podsakoff, P. M., & Organ, D. W. (1986). Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects. Journal of Management, 12(4), 531–544. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638601200408 Rafaeli, A., & Sutton, R. I. (1989). The expression of emotion in organizational life. Research in organizational behavior, 11(1), 1–42. Ravindran, T., Kuan, A. C. Y., & Lian, D. G. H. (2014). Antecedents and effects of social network fatigue. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65(11), 2306–2320. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.23122 Rosen, C. (1990). The Record of Employee Ownership. Financial Management, 19(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.2307/3666035 Seery, B. L., & Corrigall, E. A. (2009). Emotional labor: Links to work attitudes and emotional exhaustion. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 24(8), 797–813. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940910996806 Shao, G. (2009). Understanding the appeal of user‐generated media: A uses and gratification perspective. Internet Research, 19(1), 7–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/10662240910927795 Smith, R. W., Baranik, L. E., & Duffy, R. D. (2020). Psychological ownership within psychology of working theory: A three-wave study of gender and sexual minority employees. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 118, 103374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103374 Statista. (2020). Facebook: Active users worldwide. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/ Tandon, A., Kaur, P., Dhir, A., & Mäntymäki, M. (2020). Sleepless due to social media? Investigating problematic sleep due to social media and social media sleep hygiene. Computers in Human Behavior, 113, 106487. Techopedia. (2017). What is Social Media Fatigue? - Definition from Techopedia. Techopedia.Com. http://www.techopedia.com/definition/27372/social-media-fatigue Totterdell, P., & Holman, D. (2003). Emotion regulation in customer service roles: Testing a model of emotional labor. Journal of occupational health psychology, 8(1), 55. Whiting, A., & Williams, D. (2013). Why people use social media: A uses and gratifications approach. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 16(4), 362–369. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2013-0041 Wu, C., Kao, S.-C., & Chiu, H.-Y. (2019). Determinants of discontinuous intention of attention to mobile instant message services. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 49, 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2019.03.024 Xiao, L., & Mou, J. (2019). Social media fatigue-Technological antecedents and the moderating roles of personality traits: The case of WeChat. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 297–310. Xie, X.-Z., & Tsai, N.-C. (2020). The effects of negative information-related incidents on social media discontinuance intention: Evidence from SEM and fsQCA. Telematics and Informatics, 101503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101503 Xu, S., Wang, Y.-C., Ma, E., & Wang, R. (2020). Hotel employees’ fun climate at work: Effects on work-family conflict and employee deep acting through a collectivistic perspective. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 102666. Yu, L., Cao, X., Liu, Z., & Wang, J. (2018). Excessive social media use at work: Exploring the effects of social media overload on job performance. Information Technology & People, 31(6), 1091–1112. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-10-2016-0237 Zapf, D. (2002). Emotion work and psychological well-being: A review of the literature and some conceptual considerations. Human Resource Management Review, 12(2), 237–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(02)00048-7 Zhang, S., Zhao, L., Lu, Y., & Yang, J. (2016). Do you get tired of socializing? An empirical explanation of discontinuous usage behaviour in social network services. Information & Management, 53(7), 904–914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2016.03.006 Zhao, Q., Chen, C.-D., & Wang, J.-L. (2016). The effects of psychological ownership and TAM on social media loyalty: An integrated model. Telematics and Informatics, 33(4), 959–972. Zong, W., Yang, J., & Bao, Z. (2019). Social network fatigue affecting continuance intention of social networking services: The case of WeChat users in China’s universities. Data Technologies and Applications, 53(1), 123–139. |
電子全文 Fulltext |
本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的,進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定,切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送,以免觸法。 論文使用權限 Thesis access permission:校內校外完全公開 unrestricted 開放時間 Available: 校內 Campus: 已公開 available 校外 Off-campus: 已公開 available |
紙本論文 Printed copies |
紙本論文的公開資訊在102學年度以後相對較為完整。如果需要查詢101學年度以前的紙本論文公開資訊,請聯繫圖資處紙本論文服務櫃台。如有不便之處敬請見諒。 開放時間 available 已公開 available |
QR Code |