氣候危機讓全世界都在尋找解決方案，試圖將社會往永續的未來前進。森林資源在解決方案中扮演著重要的角色，它們不僅從大氣中吸收碳，且還能保護生態系統，使環境更能抵禦自然災害。諸如避免毀林和退化造成的碳排放 (REDD+) 等計劃，為處於危險中的森林提供了保護措施。 然而，REDD+ 計劃的監測工作密集且成本高昂，只依靠碳匯產生的碳權交易是遠遠不夠支付成本支出的。碳權與碳截存有關，但森林還有許多資源可以當作收益來源。在本研究中，附加功能被稱為共同利益，研究人員現在正在尋找這些共同利益之間的協同作用和聯繫，從而降低森林管理項目的驗證成本。本文從過往的成功案例中確定了這些共同利益。它使用地理資訊系統 (GIS) 軟體進行空間多標準決策分析 (MCDA)，以確定馬來西亞沙巴州綜合自然資源管理項目的優先地點。 MCDA 中使用了兩種定位方法：REDD+ 和完全的共同利益。 REDD+ 目標方法將使用三個標準：地面生物量密度、森林覆蓋率和關鍵生物多樣性區域 (KBA) 來確定合適的位置，並與當前的 REDD+ 項目進行交叉比對，以了解 MCDA 與當前實施者相比如何確定位置。完整的協同效益目標方法將使用一個額外的標準，即水基金的可行性，南美洲在水資源基金方面取得了很大成功。這項研究旨在確定馬來西亞沙巴州的合適地點並確定其優先順序，以啟動一個包括水資源基金和 REDD+ 計劃的綜合自然資源管理項目。

The climate crisis has the world shuffling for solutions to confront the crisis and transition society to a sustainable future. Forests are an integral part of the solution. They not only sequester carbon out of the atmosphere but also preserve the ecosystems that make the world more resilient to natural disasters. Programs such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+) provide incentives to manage at-risk forests sustainably. REDD+ programs are intensive and costly to monitor, while the only payment to the implementers is carbon credits. Carbon credits are linked to carbon sequestration, but forests have many more functions that support our livelihood. Additional functions, in this study, are referred to as co-benefits. Researchers are now finding synergies and links between these co-benefits that reduce verification costs on forest management projects. This paper identifies such co-benefits from the previous successes. It uses geographic information system (GIS) software to conduct a spatial multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to locate priority sites for an integrated natural resource management project in Sabah, Malaysia. Two targeting methods are used in the MCDA. The REDD+ targeting method uses aboveground biomass density, tree cover loss, and key biodiversity areas (KBA) to identify suitable locations and cross-check with current REDD+ projects to see how the MCDA identified locations in comparison to current implementors. The full co-benefits targeting method will use one additional criterion, water fund feasibility.

Table of Contents
Thesis Validation Letter . i
Acknowledgements. ii
摘要 . iii
Abstract. iv
Table of Figures. vii
Table of Tables. viii
Introduction. 1
Literature Review. 5
2.1Ecosystem Services. 5
2.1.1. Introduction to ecosystem services . 5
2.1.2. Economic valuation of ecosystem service.. 5
2.1.3. Value . 8
2.2. Payment for Ecosystem Services. 8
2.2.1. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation Plus. 9
2.2.3. Water-Based . 10
2.3. Biodiversity Conservation . 11
2.4. Climate Finance . 12
Spatial Prioritization Methodology. 14
3.1. Study area and its characteristics. 14
3.2. Multi-Criteria Decision-Analysis Framework . 15
3.2.1. Intelligence Phase. 16
3.2.2. Design Phase . 28
3.2.3. Choice Phase . 29
4. Results and Findings.. 31
4.1. Transformed Layers. 31
4.1.1. Deforestation Threat and Aboveground Biomass Density Descriptive Statistics. 31
v
4.1.2. Key Biodiversity Areas. 35
4.1.3. Water Fund Feasibility. 36
4.2. Suitability Models. 38
4.2.1. REDD+ Targeting. 38
4.2.2. Full Co-Benefits Targeting. 41
4.3. Locating Regions. 42
4.4. Discussion and Recommendations . 44
4.4.1. Limitations and Further Research Needed . 47
5. Conclusion. 49
References. 51
Appendix . 61

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