我們生活在一個以發展差距和不平等為特徵的世界。考慮到自己是人文主義者，尤其是慈善家，我會理解為什麼我們生活在一個這些問題每天都越來越明顯的時代。同樣清楚的是，世界上大多數國家和政府對影響地球上每個人的重要問題（例如生態轉型）興趣不大。可持續發展與利益和政治決策相去甚遠，儘管它應該是一個主要優先事項，因為它影響到每個人的福祉。

在我的研究過程中，我設法擬定了幾個趨勢和結果來證明我的言論。

首先，很明顯，包括生態和不平等問題在內的可持續發展以及營養不足或缺水等其他重大問題是人類在我們這個時代面臨的恐懼和重大問題的核心。

然而，很明顯，各國在這些問題上的重視程度還不夠，在很大程度上重視生態發展而不是真正的人類發展。這種對經濟發展的關注令人遺憾，因為它與根據國家發展程度對國家進行分類的分類和指數（例如人類發展指數）密不可分。雖然 HDI 在計算中也包括了受教育程度或預期壽命等因素，但它忽略了可持續發展的許多其他部分，而這些部分應該是計算一個國家發展水平的優先事項。

一個新的指數，考慮到可持續發展的邏輯，因此在計算中不忽略當前發展的所有這些邏輯，可以反映各國人類發展的真實水平，肯定會允許有一個更詳細、尤其是更多的分類準確的現實。

通過幾何平均值計算，也加權和（對於人類發展指數）包括聯合國通過其著名的可持續發展目標以及收入指數賦予各國的可持續發展得分，SHDI，可持續人類發展指數對

此作出回應問題，並通過納入當前的發展邏輯，為各國人類發展的真實水平帶來新的、更現實的願景

最後，很明顯，全球範圍內人類發展水平的改善和提高對地球上的每個居民都是積極的，而不僅僅是對發展中國家和欠發達國家中的兩個國家。因此，發達國家在發展中國家的發展中發揮著重要作用。

然而，這一角色，特別是在外援方面，必須改變。大量證據表明，幫助並不能提供預期的結果。然而，分發援助的方法並沒有改變，捐助國繼續犯同樣的錯誤。不能允許干預繼續作為對捐助者權力的慶祝或作為捐助者政治和經濟制度的唯一受益者。西方的經濟、自由和民主制度不能通過援助強加。

援助必須比以往任何時候都成為各國根據自己的標準和意識形態獨立前進的一種手段。西方國家要成長為今天的先進和成熟社會，需要多個世紀的衝突和動盪。因此，我們無法推動其他欠發達國家在短時間內實現我們花了數千年才創造的東西。

總而言之，未來取決於不斷增長的全球人類進步。這種發展推理必須按國家劃分。發達國家必須通過分段和不附帶條件的援助來支持發展中國家的發展動態，以使發展中國家擺脫貧困和發展陷阱，但發展中國家必須通過工業化和專業化等各種機制發展經濟，例如台灣在過去的幾十年中快速發展。

通過在全球可持續轉型的邏輯中與發展中國家合作並協助發展中國家，以在未來創造一個更容易接受和更宜居的世界，發達國家還必須實施新政策，以承認它們對可持續發展的參與。


關鍵詞：人類發展、可持續性、可持續發展、對外援助、國際合作、發展動態。

Research Question: What would be a modern definition of development, as well as how to enhance it at a global scale and why would it be profitable for everybody in the world?

We live in a world marked by development disparities and inequalities. Considering myself a humanist and above all a philanthropist, I would like to understand why we live in an era where these issues are more and more marked every day. It is also clear that most countries and governments in the world have little interest in important issues that impact every human being on this planet such as the ecological transition, gender equality or diversity for example. Sustainable development is far too absent from the interests and political decisions although it should be a major priority as it impacts the well-being of everyone on the planet.

During my research, I managed to draw up several tendencies and results attesting my remarks.

First of all, it is clear that Sustainable Development including ecological, and inequality linked issues as well as other major problems such as under nutrition or water scarcity are at the heart of the fears and major problems that humanity is facing in our time.

However, it is obvious that the priority of the countries is not enough on these problems, valuing for the most part the ecological development than a real human development. This focus on economic development is deplorable, as it is inseparable from the classifications and indices that classify countries according to their development, such as the HDI. Although the HDI also includes factors such as schooling or life expectancy in its calculation, it neglects many other parts of sustainable development which should be the priority for calculating the development level of a country.

A new index, considering the logic of sustainable development and therefore not omitting all these logics of current development in its calculation could reflect the real level of human development of countries and would surely allow having a classification reflecting in more detail and especially more accurately the reality.

Calculated via a geometric average also weighted and (as for the HDI) including the score in terms of sustainable development attributed to countries by the United Nations through their famous SDGs as well as the income index, the SHDI, Sustainable Human Development Index responds to this problem and brings a new and more realistic vision of the real level of human development of countries by including the current development logics

Finally, it is clear that an improvement and an increase in the level of human development on a global scale would be positive for each inhabitant of this planet and not only for two of the developing and underdeveloped countries. Thus, developed countries have an important role to play in the development of developing countries.

However, this role, particularly in relation to foreign aid, must change. Numerous pieces of evidence show that help doesn't provide the desired outcomes. The method aid is distributed, however, has not changed, and donor nations continue to make the same mistakes. Intervention cannot be allowed to continue as a celebration of the donor's power or as a sole beneficiary of the donor's political and economic system. The western economic, liberal, and democratic system cannot be imposed via aid.

Aid must more than ever be a means for nations to advance independently in accordance with their own standards and ideologies. For the western nations to grow into the advanced and established societies they are today, multiple centuries of conflict and unrest were required. We cannot thus push other less developed nations to achieve what it took us millennia to create in a short period of time.

The future depends on increasing global Human Development. While developed nations must support developing nations in this dynamic of development with segmented and untied aid to enable developing nations to escape their poverty and development trap, developing nations must develop their economies through various mechanisms such as industrialization and specialization as the example of Taiwan that experienced a fast development throughout the last decades.

By collaborating with and assisting the developing nations in a logic of global sustainable transition to create a more acceptable and habitable world in the future, developed countries must also implement new policies to recognize their involvement in sustainable development.


Keywords: Human Development, Sustainability, Sustainable Development, Foreign Aid, International Cooperation, Development Dynamics.

Table of Content

•Validation Letter. i

•Acknowledgment (Mandarin). iii
•Acknowledgment (English). iv
•Abstract (Mandarin). vii
•Abstract (English). ix

•Table of content. xiii
•Table of Figure. xiv
•Table of Table. xv

•Introduction. 1
•Literature Review. 1
Good Economic for Hard Time: better answer to our biggest problem / Banerjee & Duflo. 1
Concept and Theories of Human Development 4th Edition / Richard M.Lerner. 6
Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet / Multiple co-authors. 7
•Main Argument and motivation. 10

•Chapter 1 – Defining Development in Nowadays World. 12
•1.1. What is Human Development?. 12
•1.2. List and description of nowadays mains issues. 15
•1.3. Modern definition of Human Development and measurment. 25

•Chapter 2 – Foreign Aid. 34
•2.1. What is Foreign Aid. 34
•2.2. Main Concerns about Foreign Aid. 36
•2.3. Is foreign Aid Working. 40

•Chapter 3 – Raising Worldwide Human Development. 43
•3.1. Positive reasons to do so. 44
•3.2. Taiwan Miracle. 47
•3.3. Toward a new Development Dynamic. 51

•Conclusion. 54
•References. 59

• References


Literature Review

Banerjee, A. V., & Duflo, E. (2019). Book. Good Economics for Hard Times: Better Answer to our biggest problem. Public Affairs.

Lerner, R. M. (2018). Concepts and Theories of Human Development (4th Edition). Routledge.

Multiple Authors (2015). Planetary Boundaries: Guiding Human Development on a Changing Planet. Stockholm Resilience Center.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270898819_'Planetary_Boundaries_Guiding_Human_Development_on_a_Changing_Planet'

Development

Aristotle. (340 BCE). Nicomachean Ethics. PDF
https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/PHS433/Nicomachean%20Ethics.pdf

Adam, S. (1776). Wealth of Nations. PDF
https://rauterberg.employee.id.tue.nl/lecturenotes/DDM110%20CAS/Smith-1776%20Wealth%20of%20Nations.pdf

America (MoA), M. of. (n.d.). About Human Development - Measure of America: A Program of the Social Science Research Council. Measure of America: A Program of the Social Science Research Council; measureofamerica.org. https://measureofamerica.org/human-development/#:~:text=The%20human%20development%20concept%20was,development%E2%80%94to%20improve%20people’s%20lives.

Bank, W. (n.d.). Russia and the World Bank: International Development Assistance. World Bank; www.worldbank.org. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/russia/brief/international-development

Bureau, U. C. (2019, February 14). Atkinson Index. Census.Gov; www.census.gov.
https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/income-inequality/about/metrics/atkinson-index.html#:~:text=The%20Atkinson%20index%20(also%20known,most%20to%20the%20observed%20inequality

Chen, J., & Walters, T. (2022, February 27). Poverty Trap Definition. Investopedia;
www.investopedia.com. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/poverty-trap.asp#:~:text=A%20poverty%20trap%20refers%20to,individual%20or%20family%20in%20poverty.

Chehida, J. (2021, February 5). Reporters - 2011, une histoire de Printemps : les revolutions

Sen, A. (n.d.). Sen’s Capability Approach | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Sen’s Capability Approach | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy; iep.utm.edu. https://iep.utm.edu/sen-cap/

Forum, W. E. (Ed.). (2022, January 11). Global Risks Report 2022 | World Economic Forum. World Economic Forum; www.weforum.org. https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-risks-report-2022

Hoffman, J. (2019, January 22). Specialization Theory. Jayme Hoffman; jaymehoffman.com.
https://jaymehoffman.com/mental-models/specialization-theory

Holmes, J. (n.d.). Chaque jour, 25 000 personnes meurent de faim | Nations Unies. United Nations; www.un.org. https://www.un.org/fr/chronicle/article/chaque-jour-25-000-personnes-meurent-de-faim

Home | Human Development Reports. (2022, July 28). Home | Human Development Reports;
hdr.undp.org. https://hdr.undp.org/

Is Aid Killing Africa? Dambisa Moyo talks about Dead Aid on ABC. (2009, May 4).
YouTube; www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIPvlQOCfAQ&ab_channel=dambisamoyo

James, M., & Costagliola, D. (2021, April 24). Principal-Agent Problem Definition. Investopedia; www.investopedia.com. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/principal-agent-problem.asp#:~:text=The%20principal%2Dagent%20problem%20is,roles%20of%20principal%20and%20agent.

Karl, M. (1867, September 14). Capital, Volume 1. PDF
https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital-Volume-I.pdf

Loudenback, T., & Jackson, A. (2018, February 27). Biggest Problems in World Today, According to Millennials. Business Insider; www.businessinsider.com. https://www.businessinsider.com/world-economic-forum-world-biggest-problems-concerning-millennials-2016-8?r=US&IR=T

Nations, U. (Ed.). (2018, October 10). World Economic and Social Survey 2018 | United Nations iLibrary. World Economic and Social Survey 2018 | United Nations iLibrary; www.un-ilibrary.org. https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789210472241#chapters

Nations, U. (Ed.). (2022, January 0). Sustainable Development Report 2022. Sustainable Development Report 2022; dashboards.sdgindex.org. https://dashboards.sdgindex.org/

Nations, U. (n.d.). #Envision2030: 17 goals to transform the world for persons with disabilities | United Nations Enable. #Envision2030: 17 Goals to Transform the World for Persons with Disabilities | United Nations Enable; www.un.org. https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/envision2030.html

Nation, U. (2022, March 29). Home | Human Development Reports. Home | Human Development Reports; hdr.undp.org. https://hdr.undp.org/

Nations, U. (2018, October 10). article viewer | United Nations iLibrary. Article Viewer | United Nations iLibrary; www.un-ilibrary.org. https://www.un-ilibrary.org/content/books/9789210472241/read

Nations, U. (2022, July 28). Data Center | Human Development Reports. Data Center | Human Development Reports; hdr.undp.org. https://hdr.undp.org/data-center

OECD. (n.d.). Development Co-operation Report - OECD. Development Co-Operation Report - OECD; www.oecd.org. https://www.oecd.org/dac/development-cooperation-report/

OECD (Ed.). (n.d.). OECD iLibrary. OECD iLibrary; www.oecd-ilibrary.org.
https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/

OECD. (n.d.). Untying aid: The right to choose - OECD. Untying Aid: The Right to Choose – OECD; www.oecd.org. https://www.oecd.org/development/untyingaidtherighttochoose.htm#:~:text=Tied%20aid%20describes%20official%20grants,services%2C%20goods%2C%20or%20works

OECD (Ed.). (n.d.). Official development assistance (ODA) - Country Programmable Aid (CPA) - OECD Data. theOECD; data.oecd.org.

Review, W. P. (2022, January 0). Gender Equality by Country 2022. Gender Equality by Country 2022; worldpopulationreview.com. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/gender-equality-by-country

Savings gap. (2020, January 29). Economics Online; www.economicsonline.co.uk.
https://www.economicsonline.co.uk/definitions/savings_gap.html/#:~:text=A%20savings%20gap%20is%20a,a%20desirable%20income%20from%20retirement

UNICEF. (2022, July 7). Le nombre de personnes souffrant de la faim dans le monde a atteint 828 millions en 2021 | UNICEF France. UNICEF France; www.unicef.fr. https://www.unicef.fr/article/rapport-de-lonu-le-nombre-de-personnes-souffrant-de-la-faim-dans-le-monde-atteint-828

UNICEF (Ed.). (n.d.). Water scarcity | UNICEF. Water Scarcity | UNICEF; www.unicef.org.
https://www.unicef.org/wash/water-scarcity

UNICEF. (2022, August 14). Education | UNICEF. Education | UNICEF; www.unicef.org.
https://www.unicef.org/education

Wells, T. (n.d.). Sen’s Capability Approach | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Sen’s Capability Approach | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy; iep.utm.edu. https://iep.utm.edu/sen-cap/

Wheat, M. (n.d.). Which Countries Provide and Receive the Most Foreign Aid? Wristband Resources; www.wristband.com. https://www.wristband.com/content/which-countries-provide-receive-most-foreign-aid/
https://data.oecd.org/oda/country-programmable-aid-cpa.htm
.
White, G. (n.d.). Afghanistan War | History, Combatants, Facts, & Timeline. Encyclopedia Britannica; www.britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghanistan-War

Zboncak, T. (2021, December 14). When did Taiwan become developed country? - 2022. The Flat; theflatbkny.com. https://theflatbkny.com/asia/when-did-taiwan-become-developed-country/