本研究以社會認定理論為基礎，探討組織認同能否透過提升建言效能感，進而增加建言頻率和影響建言展現的場合，並檢驗主管建言徵詢是否對前述中介關係具有調節效果。本研究以全職工作者為研究對象，採用兩階段資料收集方式，問卷發放時間間隔兩週，共計回收258筆資料。路徑分析之結果顯示： (1) 組織認同對建言效能感有正向影響； (2) 組織認同可透過建言效能感增加挑戰性及支持性建言之頻率； (3) 組織認同可透過建言效能感的中介，增加個體在公開場合的挑戰性及支持性建言； (4) 當主管建言徵詢越多時，相較於越少時，組織認同透過建言效能感增加挑戰性及支持性建言頻率的間接效果會增強； (5) 同時，當主管建言徵詢越多時，相較於越少時，組織認同透過建言效能感增加公開場合的挑戰性及支持性建言的間接效果也會增強。最後，根據本研究的結果，提出實務與後續研究建議。

Based on social identity theory, the current study examines the mediating effect of voice self-efficacy on the relationship between organizational identification, voice frequency, and voice privately or publicly. Furthermore, this study tests the moderating role of voice solicitation on the above indirect effects. This study reports a time-lagged study that surveyed 258 employees at two points over two weeks and provides substantial support for the hypotheses. Results indicated that: (1) Employees' organizational identification is positively related to voice self-efficacy; (2) Employees' organizational identification enhances individual's voice self-efficacy, which in turn raised the frequency of both challenging and supportive voice; (3) Employees' organizational identification increases the voice self-efficacy, which in turn raised the public challenging and supportive voice; (4) Voice solicitation moderates the mediating relationship between employees' organizational identification and challenging/supportive voice frequency via voice self-efficacy, such that the indirect relationship is stronger when voice solicitation is higher.; (5) Voice solicitation moderates the mediating relationship between employees' organizational identification and public (vs. private) challenging/supportive voice via voice self-efficacy such that this relationship is stronger when voice solicitation is higher. Finally, based on the results of this research, in-depth theoretical and practical suggestions are provided.

論文審定書 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目次 vi
表目次 vii
第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻與假設 5
第一節 組織認同和建言效能感之關係 5
第二節 建言效能感對組織認同與挑戰性/支持性建言頻率的中介效果 7
第三節 建言效能感對組織認同與挑戰性/支持性建言場合的中介效果 10
第四節 主管建言徵詢的調節式中介效果 12
第五節 研究架構圖 15
第三章 研究方法 16
第一節 研究樣本與施測程序 16
第二節 測量變項 19
第三節 資料分析方法 22
第四章 研究結果 23
第一節 驗證性因素分析 23
第二節 相關分析 24
第三節 假設檢定 26
第五章 研究結論與建議 32
第一節 研究結論、發現與討論 32
第二節 實務管理意涵 35
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議 37
參考文獻 39
附錄 45
附件一 兩階段問卷 45
附件二 單一題項驗證性因素分析 52
附件三 量表題項修正建議 56

王豫萱、胡昌亞 (2013) 。再探組織認同之本質：2002－2012之研究回顧與前瞻。人力資源管理學報，13 (4) ，107-137。

周麗芳、任金剛、林守紀 (2013) 。轉型領導與建言行為：文化價值觀的關鍵角色。組織與管理，6 (2) , 115-159。

林守紀、周麗芳、任金剛、曾春榮 (2017) 。員工建言行為：回顧與未來。人力資源管理學報，17 (1) 。

林家五 (2006) 。認定與認同在組織中的運作歷程：利益關係者理論的觀點。人力資源管理學報，6 (3) ，119-142。

紀乃文、李學佳 (2018) 。員工為何建言？探討員工利社會動機與印象管理動機對建言行為的影響：求成型焦點、情感性組織承諾與公民行為壓力的干擾效果。管理學報，35 (1) ，1-25。

楊美玉、柯佑宗 (2015) 。人們為何能勇於建言? 建言自我效能與團隊建言行為的效果。臺大管理論叢，25 (3) ，39-66。

熊欣華、蔡年泰、陳建安 (2013) 。員工意見表達行為：前因及其對主管績效評量之影響。臺大管理論叢，23 (2) ，133-163。

蔡年泰 (2013) 。員工知覺單位問題與倫理氣候對建言行為之交互作用影響。國立東華大學企業管理研究所博士論文，花蓮縣。

Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988) . Comments on the motivational status of self‐esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination. European journal of social psychology, 18 (4) , 317-334.

Ashford, S. J., Rothbard, N. P., Piderit, S. K., & Dutton, J. E. (1998) . Out on a limb: The role of context and impression management in selling gender-equity issues. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23-57.

Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989) . Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management review, 14 (1) , 20-39.

Avanzi, L., Schuh, S. C., Fraccaroli, F., & van Dick, R. (2015) . Why does organizational identification relate to reduced employee burnout? The mediating influence of social support and collective efficacy. Work & Stress, 29 (1) , 1-10.

Avery, D. R. (2003) . Personality as a predictor of the value of voice. The Journal of Psychology, 137 (5) , 435-446.
 
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988) . On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 16 (1) , 74-94.

Bandura, A. (1977) . Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84 (2) , 191.

Bashshur, M. R., & Oc, B. (2015) . When Voice Matters:A Multilevel Review of the Impact of Voice in Organizations. Journal of Management, 41 (5) , 1530-1554. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314558302

Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980) . Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological bulletin, 88 (3) , 588.

Burris, E. R. (2012) . The risks and rewards of speaking up: Managerial responses to employee voice. Academy of Management Journal, 55 (4) , 851-875.

Burris, E. R., Detert, J. R., & Chiaburu, D. S. (2008) . Quitting before leaving: the mediating effects of psychological attachment and detachment on voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93 (4) , 912.

Burris, E. R., Detert, J. R., & Romney, A. C. (2013) . Speaking up vs. being heard: The disagreement around and outcomes of employee voice. Organization Science, 24 (1) , 22-38.

Burris, E. R., & Sohn, W. (2021) . Creating a culture of voice. Behavioral Science & Policy, 7 (1) , 57-68.

Cast, A. D., Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (1999) . Does the self conform to the views of others? Social psychology quarterly, 68-82.

Chamberlin, M., Newton, D. W., & Lepine, J. A. (2017) . A meta‐analysis of voice and its promotive and prohibitive forms: Identification of key associations, distinctions, and future research directions. Personnel Psychology, 70 (1) , 11-71.

Choi, J. N. (2007) . Change‐oriented organizational citizenship behavior: effects of work environment characteristics and intervening psychological processes. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 28 (4) , 467-484.

Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007) . Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50 (4) , 869-884.

Detert, J. R., Burris, E. R., Harrison, D. A., & Martin, S. R. (2013) . Voice flows to and around leaders: Understanding when units are helped or hurt by employee voice. Administrative Science Quarterly, 58 (4) , 624-668.

Detert, J. R., & Edmondson, A. C. (2011) . Implicit voice theories: Taken-for-granted rules of self-censorship at work. Academy of Management Journal, 54 (3) , 461-488.
 
Detert, J. R., & Treviño, L. K. (2010) . Speaking up to higher-ups: How supervisors and skip-level leaders influence employee voice. Organization Science, 21 (1) , 249-270.

Edmondson, A. C. (2003) . Speaking up in the operating room: How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams. Journal of management studies, 40 (6) , 1419-1452.

Fast, N. J., Burris, E. R., & Bartel, C. A. (2014) . Managing to stay in the dark: Managerial self-efficacy, ego defensiveness, and the aversion to employee voice. Academy of Management Journal, 57 (4) , 1013-1034.

George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (1997) . Organizational spontaneity in context. Human performance, 10 (2) , 153-170.

Guan, M., & So, J. (2016) . Influence of social identity on self-efficacy beliefs through perceived social support: A social identity theory perspective. Communication Studies, 67 (5) , 588-604.

Harrison, J., & Romney, A. C. (2020) . Creating Silence: How Managerial Narcissism Decreases Employee Voice. Curiosity, 1 (1) , 2.

Haslam, S. A. (2004) . Psychology in organizations. Sage.

Hirschman, A. O. (1970) . Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states (Vol. 25) . Harvard university press.

Isaakyan. (2018) . Public versus Private Voice. https://doi.org/10.26481/dis.20180601si

Isaakyan, S., Guenter, H., & Sherf, E. N. (2018) . Employees’ Misplaced Loyalty: Perceived Costs and Actual Benefits of Public Voice. Academy of Management Proceedings,

Isaakyan, S., Sherf, E. N., Tangirala, S., & Guenter, H. (2020) . Keeping it between us: Managerial endorsement of public versus private voice. Journal of Applied Psychology.

Janssen, O., & Gao, L. (2015) . Supervisory responsiveness and employee self-perceived status and voice behavior. Journal of Management, 41 (7) , 1854-1872.

Kish-Gephart, J. J., Detert, J. R., Treviño, L. K., & Edmondson, A. C. (2009) . Silenced by fear:: The nature, sources, and consequences of fear at work. Research in organizational behavior, 29, 163-193.

Lam, L. W., Lin, X., Liu, Y., Hou, Y.-H., & Loi, R. (2016) . Will Speaking up be Rewarded? A Study of Challenging Voice and Performance Evaluation. Academy of Management Proceedings,

 
Levine, M., Prosser, A., Evans, D., & Reicher, S. (2005) . Identity and emergency intervention: How social group membership and inclusiveness of group boundaries shape helping behavior. Personality and social psychology bulletin, 31 (4) , 443-453.

Liang, J., Farh, C. I., & Farh, J.-L. (2012) . Psychological antecedents of promotive and prohibitive voice: A two-wave examination. Academy of Management Journal, 55 (1) , 71-92.

Liu, F., & Dong, M. (2020) . Perspective taking and voice solicitation: a moderated mediation model. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 58 (4) , 504-526.

Liu, W., Zhu, R., & Yang, Y. (2010) . I warn you because I like you: Voice behavior, employee identifications, and transformational leadership. The leadership quarterly, 21 (1) , 189-202.

Liu, Y.-L., Yang, M.-Y., Hsu, C. T., & Liou, J.-C. (2012) . Investigating the Effects of Self-efficacy and Participative Leadership on Voice Behavior. Academy of Management Proceedings,

MacKenzie, S. B., Podsakoff, P. M., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2011) . Challenge‐oriented organizational citizenship behaviors and organizational effectiveness: Do challenge‐oriented behaviors really have an impact on the organization's bottom line? Personnel Psychology, 64 (3) , 559-592.

Mael, F., & Ashforth, B. E. (1992) . Alumni and their alma mater: A partial test of the reformulated model of organizational identification. Journal of organizational Behavior, 13 (2) , 103-123.

Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003) . An exploratory study of employee silence: Issues that employees don’t communicate upward and why. Journal of management studies, 40 (6) , 1453-1476.

Morrison, E. W. (2011) . Employee voice behavior: Integration and directions for future research. Academy of Management annals, 5 (1) , 373-412.

Morrison, E. W. (2014) . Employee voice and silence. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav., 1 (1) , 173-197.

Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000) . Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management review, 25 (4) , 706-725.

Morrison, E. W., Wheeler-Smith, S. L., & Kamdar, D. (2011) . Speaking up in groups: a cross-level study of group voice climate and voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96 (1) , 183.

Mowbray, P. K., Wilkinson, A., & Tse, H. H. (2015) . An integrative review of employee voice: Identifying a common conceptualization and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17 (3) , 382-400.  
Nembhard, I. M., & Edmondson, A. C. (2006) . Making it safe: The effects of leader inclusiveness and professional status on psychological safety and improvement efforts in health care teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 27 (7) , 941-966.

Olson-Buchanan, J. B., & Boswell, W. R. (2002) . The role of employee loyalty and formality in voicing discontent. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (6) , 1167-1174. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.87.6.1167

Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003) . Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88 (5) , 879.

Qin, X., DiRenzo, M. S., Xu, M., & Duan, Y. (2014) . When do emotionally exhausted employees speak up? Exploring the potential curvilinear relationship between emotional exhaustion and voice. Journal of organizational Behavior, 35 (7) , 1018-1041.
Stets, J. E., & Burke, P. J. (2000) . Identity theory and social identity theory. Social psychology quarterly, 224-237.

Stryker, S., & Burke, P. J. (2000) . The past, present, and future of an identity theory. Social psychology quarterly, 284-297.

Stride, C. B., Gardner, S., Catley, N., & Thomas, F. (2015). Mplus code for mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation models.

Subhakaran, S. E., & Dyaram, L. (2018). Individual disposition and manager behaviour on employee upward voice: mediating role of voice self-efficacy. International Journal of Organizational Analysis.

Sherf, E. N., Tangirala, S., & Venkataramani, V. (2019) . Why managers do not seek voice from employees: The importance of managers’ personal control and long-term orientation. Organization Science, 30 (3) , 447-466.

Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2008) . Exploring nonlinearity in employee voice: The effects of personal control and organizational identification. Academy of Management Journal, 51 (6) , 1189-1203.

Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2012) . Ask and you shall hear (but not always) : Examining the relationship between manager consultation and employee voice. Personnel Psychology, 65 (2) , 251-282.

Taber, K. S. (2018). The use of Cronbach’s alpha when developing and reporting research instruments in science education. Research in science education, 48(6), 1273-1296.

Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998) . Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41 (1) , 108-119.

Venkataramani, V., & Tangirala, S. (2010) . When and why do central employees speak up? An examination of mediating and moderating variables. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95 (3) , 582.