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博碩士論文 etd-0919121-041733 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0919121-041733
論文名稱
Title
已開發國家基本收入試驗之比較
A Comparative Study of Basic Income Pilots in Advanced Countries
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
158
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2021-07-22
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2021-10-19
關鍵字
Keywords
無條件基本收入、基本收入、社會福利、社會保障制度、福利改革、社會實驗、政策倡議
universal/ unconditional basic income, basic income, social welfare, social protection system, welfare reform, social experiment, policy advocacy
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 215 次,被下載 265
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 215 times, has been downloaded 265 times.
中文摘要
當代新自由主義下的勞動市場,為了追求全球化下的競爭優勢,發展出一連串崇尚彈性的工作型態來應對瞬息萬變的全球趨勢。然而,這樣非典型的勞動型態卻缺乏過往工作的穩定經濟保障,從而擴大了原已存在的階級不平等,使我們的社會更難以處理貧窮帶來的複雜問題。這也鞭策各地的政府、學界與民間提出各式不同的解決之道,其中,不算新穎的「無條件基本收入」又再次被推到眾人眼前。

自16世紀開始出現基本收入的概念以來,不乏各式哲學討論與實證研究,但目前為止,國內卻少有研究探索各國倡議基本收入試驗的經驗。因此,本研究期望透過梳理曾嘗試基本收入試驗的已開發國家內的倡議經驗,更深入瞭解各國的倡議脈絡、實驗的成果與爭議。這些實驗包含1970年代美國與加拿大兩國最早的五次所得支撐實驗,與2017年芬蘭與加拿大兩次基本收入試點計畫的基進嘗試。

本研究發現,芬蘭、美、加的四次實驗,其實更接近「有條件的低收族群的補貼」計畫。儘管與嚴格意義上的無條件基本收入有所差距,但執行上已經相當接近。這四次實驗的數據表明,基本收入會減少受試者的工作時數,不過個人的身心狀況卻會更為健康與快樂,且多出來的空閒大多用來照顧家庭與進修學業,而非虛度光陰。

然而,1970年代兩次實驗導致離婚率提高,使得基本收入僅止步於實驗。雖然後續的分析對離婚率問題提出了不同的見解,但為時已晚,無法改變定局。此外,四次實驗的受眾幾乎都是中低收族群,導致很難將其數據推論至整體社會;且晚近的兩次實驗中,一次因為保守派半途取消,一次因為法規的革新中途更動規則,都使實驗的可信度打了折扣。

本研究也發現,各國的基本收入背後如果沒有強力的政治支持,是難以推動進行的,尤其是試驗要成功進入立法,需要各立法與行政部會的合作與財務上的支援才有機會順利推動。但是,過度貼近政府,反倒可能讓實驗承擔過度的政治責任,也容易讓人質疑其目的,從而模糊原先實驗倡議的初衷。
Abstract
The labor market under contemporary Neo-liberalism is trying to maximize its competitive advantage in a globalized world. A series of flexible work patterns have been developed to face the unpredictable global situations. However, atypical employment not only is unable to meet the basic needs of the have nots, but it also widens the rich-poor divide. Therefore it has become more and more difficult for our society to deal with the complexity of poverty.

The Struggles against poverty and social inequality have spawned various solutions, including Universal Basic Income (UBI). Since the 16th century UBI has been the target of social philosophers due to their interests in socialism, welfare and social equality. However, current research generally lacks discussions on the experiences of UBI across different countries. Hence, this thesis aims to delve into the UBI initiatives in advanced countries. Specifically, it attempts to bring to the fore the social and political contexts of UBI pilot studies in Finland, America and Canada.

I find that the four pilot programs in three countries are closer to conditional assistance programs for low-income groups instead of UBIs. Statistics show that these experiments reduced labor support (working hours) slightly with better physical and mental health. The subjects in these experiments tended to use their free time to increase household production and continue their study instead of engaging in entertainment.

The most controversial result, however, is about the family dissolution rates in the 1970s’ experiments. Even though further analysis rejected those results as a statistical error in the 1990s, it’s too late to change the mind of the government. In addition, the experimental subjects consisted of low-income families/individuals only, and two UBI pilots were not successfully completed in 2017. Those have also undermined the credibility and generalizability of UBI pilots.

I also find that UBI pilots as a social experiment need strong political support to press ahead, especially various administrative, legislative and financial assistance. But the pilot also needs to maintain a critical distance from political mobilization so that the original goals of the experiment will not be sacrificed.
目次 Table of Contents
論文審定書 i
論文公開授權書 ii
謝辭 iii
中文摘要 iv
英文摘要 vi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
(一)陳放多年的基進思想 1
(二)上下懸殊的全球財富 5
(三)當前臺灣的貧富差距 7
第二節 研究動機 9
第三節 研究問題與目的 10
第四節 研究重要性 11
第二章 文獻回顧 14
第一節 基本收入提案的展演 14
(一)基進提案的緣起與訴求 14
(二)提案類別的差異與區分 17
第二節 後工業化國家的糾結 18
(一)工作與否的差異與歧視 18
(二)全球化下的競爭與損失 20
(三)工作薪資差距與貧窮陷阱 22
第三節 社會福利邏輯的蛻變 24
(一)福利國家的類別 24
(二)福利政策理念的轉變 25
第三章 研究方法與設計 28
第一節 研究途徑與架構 28
第二節 研究對象與範圍 29
第三節 研究限制 30
第四章 芬蘭的基本收入實驗 32
第一節 緣起 32
第二節 政府實驗文化的突破與妥協 33
第三節 逐步整合的政治理想 39
第四節 妥協下基進福利的揭示 44
第五節 小結 52
第五章 美、加二國的所得支撐實驗 55
第一節 緣起 55
第二節 美國 59
(一)非福利國家的基進福利 59
(二)朝向基進福利的動力 65
(三)領頭基進實驗的成果 70
第三節 加拿大 76
(一)邁向福利國家的基進背景 76
(二)由政治起手的改革嘗試 81
(三)再次踏回基進福利的嘗試 85
(四)緬尼托巴省基本年所得實驗 89
(五)安大略省基本收入試驗 91
第四節 小結 94
第六章 結論與討論 99
第一節 綜觀各實驗的一般性脈絡 101
第二節 各地實驗的簡易比較 104
(一)不同給付機制的優劣 105
(二)政府領頭的基進實驗 106
(三)基進實驗對於勞動的影響 107
(三)令人意外的離婚率難題 108
第三節 試點實驗的限制 110
(一)實驗缺乏中產階級以上的數據 111
(二)過於繁瑣的實驗形式 111
(三)長期影響依然難以論述 113
第四節 實驗外部環境的挑戰 114
(一)難以拿捏的政治關係 116
(二)被窄化的制度改革理念 117
(三)新興政策方向的考驗 118
未來研究方向與政策倡議的建議 119
第五節 119
(一)台灣政策倡議的建議 119
(二)未來研究方向 121
參考文獻 123
附錄 131
第一節 芬蘭基進詞彙意涵的變遷 131
第二節 芬蘭基本收入公眾辯論的背景 138



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