本研究旨在探討 2015 年歐洲移民危機與 2022 年烏克蘭難民潮背景下，波蘭法律與公正黨與匈牙利青年民主主義者聯盟如何將移民議題政治化以鞏固政權。本論文採用哥本哈根學派的「安全化理論」，剖析這兩個極右翼執政黨如何透過特定政治敘事，將移民塑造成「生存威脅」，並藉此達成其政治目的。
研究發現兩黨在處理移民議題時展現明顯的雙重標準，對於 2015 年穆斯林移民與難民，兩黨基於宗教文明衝突論採取強烈排斥立場；而對 2022 年烏克蘭難民則展現相對開放態度。這種「選擇性人道主義」反映出移民議題已成為推動「非自由民主」的工具。執政黨藉由「安全化」手段，將限制公民自由、控制司法與壓制媒體等擴權行為正當化，並頻繁地在難民與移民的庇護，以及法治原則上與歐盟產生對抗，不僅引發多項法律訴訟，更深化國家主權與超國家治理之間的矛盾與衝突。

This study explores how the Law and Justice Party in Poland and the Fidesz Party in Hungary politicized migration to consolidate power during the 2015 European migrant crisis and the 2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis. Applying the "Securitization Theory" of the Copenhagen School, this thesis analyzes how these far-right ruling parties constructed narratives to frame immigrants as "existential threats" to achieve their political objectives.
The findings of this research reveal a clear double standard in both parties' handling of migration. While they strongly rejected Muslim migrants in 2015 based on the "clash of civilizations," they showed a relatively open attitude toward Ukrainian refugees in 2022. This "selective humanitarianism" demonstrates that migration issues have become a tool for advancing "illiberal democracy." By employing securitization, these parties justified the expansion of executive power, including restricting civil liberties and controlling the judiciary and media, while frequently clashing with the EU over refugee quotas and the rule of law.
In conclusion, migration is not only a strategy for winning votes but a core mechanism for institutional transformation and power consolidation. This study confirms that by manipulating security discourses, these regimes circumvent democratic oversight and deepen the conflict between national sovereignty and supranational governance, posing a significant challenge to European integration.

論文審定書 i
誌謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
圖次 vii
表次 viii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 文獻回顧 9
第三節 研究理論與方法 27
第四節 研究範圍與限制 35
第五節 章節安排 38
第二章 政黨立場與移民政策之調整 40
第一節 波蘭法律與公正黨意識形態的轉變：從中右翼到極右翼 52
第二節 匈牙利青民盟意識形態的轉變：從自由派到極右翼 70
第三章 波蘭與匈牙利移民政策之實踐 94
第一節 波蘭法律與公正黨：對穆斯林移民的態度（2015-2021年） 101
第二節 波蘭法律與公正黨：對烏克蘭難民的態度（2022-2023年） 111
第三節 匈牙利青民盟：對穆斯林移民的態度（2015-2021年） 114
第四節 匈牙利青民盟：對烏克蘭難民的態度（2022-2023年） 123
第四章 非自由民主制度對移民議題之影響 127
第一節 波蘭與匈牙利的非自由民主體制之實踐：控制司法與媒體 132
第二節 波蘭與匈牙利移民政策之歐盟因素 149
第五章 結論 163
參考文獻 168

參考文獻
壹、中文部分
一、 專書
李國雄，2015，《比較政府與政治》（2015四刷），臺北：三民書局。
陳平，2019，《代謝增長論：技術小波和文明復興論》，北京：北京大學出版社。
Google(譯), Przemysław Sadura & Sławomir Sierakowski. 2019. 波蘭人的政治犬儒主義( Polityczny cynizm Polaków). Stowarzyszenie im. Stanisława Brzozowskiego, Fundacja Pole Dialogu i Autorzy.
Google(譯), Tomasz Sawczuk. 2018. “新自由主義：如何理解和利用第三共和國的危機”(Nowy liberalizm. Jak zrozumieć i wykorzystać kryzys III RP). Fundacja Kultura Liberalna
二、 期刊
孔田平，2024，〈中東歐在地緣政治夾縫中左右為難〉，《世界知識》，(24)：167。取自中國社會科學院歐洲研究所網站：http://ies.cssn.cn/cn/work/comment/202412/t20241226_5827479.shtml，檢索日期：2025年1月10日。
巴博雅，1995，〈中歐經濟轉型的過程－匈牙利經驗〉，《經濟前瞻》，(40)：74-77。
王群洋，2015，〈歐洲聯盟代議民主之困境〉，《全球政治評論》，(52)：85-116。
沈玄池，2015，〈近期歐洲難民問題之根源與發展〉，《全球政治評論》，(52)：1-10。
林政宜、王孟平、張世強，2021，〈從政治不正確到政治正確：波蘭右翼反難民（移民）論述的挑戰〉，《問題與研究》60(1)：129-165。https://doi.org/10.30390/ISC.202103_60(1).0004。
洪茂雄，1989，〈論匈牙利民主化的發展〉，《問題與研究》，28(7)：22-35。
————，1994，〈後共產主義時代匈牙利的政治發展〉，《問題與研究》，33(8)：53-66。
————，1996，〈後共產主義時期波蘭的政治發展：變革與穩定〉，《問題與研究》，35(6)：53-66。
苟利武、張君榮，2022，〈烏克蘭難民危機研究〉，《俄羅斯研究》，4(4)：151-192。
孫國祥，2018，〈歐盟峰會後的難民問題發展〉，《全球政治評論》，(63)：7-12。
高歌，2022，〈政黨權力轉換與政黨制度變遷——基於中東歐國家政黨制度變遷的案例分析〉，《俄羅斯東歐中亞研究》(4)：37–60。https://doi.org/10.20018/j.cnki.reecas.2022.04.003。
張家銘、趙育杰，2022，〈依賴中的互賴關係：歐盟與維謝格拉德集團的整合〉，《遠景基金會季刊》23(4)：53-111。
盛盈仙，2015，〈難民問題對歐洲整合的影響〉，《全球政治評論》，(52)：29-34。
楊三億，2015，〈近期難民潮對中東歐國家與歐盟整合之影響〉，《全球政治評論》，(52)：17-21。
蔡相廷，2010，〈歷史制度主義的興起與研究取向－政治學研究途徑的探討〉，《臺北市立教育大學學報。人文社會類》，41(2)。
鄭得興，2024，〈中東歐國家的民粹主義與民主發展──波蘭與捷克〉，《台灣國際研究季刊》20(4)：141-156。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=18162622-N202412270012-00005，檢索日期：2024年5月12日。
鍾志明，2015，〈德國處理難民問題之政策分析〉，《全球政治評論》，(52)：11-16。
鞠維偉，2024，〈歷史土壤與現實選擇：匈牙利政黨政治演變與青民盟的崛起〉，《當代世界》，(12)：328。
羅至美，2022，〈匈牙利的民主衰退與歐盟的治理困境：對經濟自由主義的挑戰〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》34(4)：841-885。https://www.airitilibrary.com/Article/Detail?DocID=1018189X-N202301040009-00006，檢索日期：2024年10月12日。
蘇子喬，2010，〈台灣憲政體制的變遷軌跡(1991-2010)：歷史制度論的分析〉，《東吳政治學》，28(4)：147-223。
Google(譯), Adam Czerniak, Patrycja Graca-Gelert, & Ryszard Łuczyn. 2018. "收入不平等的認知與波蘭政黨在 2007-2015 年的支持度" (Percepcja nierówności dochodowych a poparcie polskich partii politycznych w latach 2007–2015). Przegląd Socjologiczny, 67(2), 9–33
Google(譯), Bognár Éva, Kerényi Péter, Sik Endre, Surányi Ráchel, & Szabolcsi Zsolt. 2023. “傳統、線上與社交媒體中的遷徙敘事：匈牙利” (Migrációs narratívák a hagyományos, az online és a közösségi médiában. Magyarország). BRIDGES Working Papers 30. BRIDGES Consortium. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10479206, 檢索日期: 2024年6月16日。
三、 官方網路資料
Google(譯), Kommissionen. 1997. "委員會就匈牙利申請加入歐盟的意見書" (Kommissionens udtalelse om Ungarns ansøgning om medlemskab af Den Europæiske Union). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/DA/legal-content/summary/hungary.html, 檢索日期: 2025年6月26日。
Google(譯), Kommissionen. 1997. "委員會就波蘭申請加入歐盟的意見書" (Kommissionens udtalelse om Polens ansøgning om medlemskab af Den Europæiske Union). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/DA/legal-content/summary/partnership-for-the-accession-of-poland.html, 檢索日期: 2025年6月26日。
Google(譯), Polska, Sejm. 2015. "國會會議發言：2015-09-16 第100次會議 (第1天)" (Wypowiedzi na posiedzeniach Sejmu: Posiedzenie nr 100 w dniu 16-09-2015 (1. dzień obrad)). Sejm. [https://sejm.gov.pl/Sejm7.nsf/posiedzenie.xsp?view=1&posiedzenie=100&dzien=1](https://sejm.gov.pl/Sejm7.nsf/posiedzenie.xsp?view=1&posiedzenie=100&dzien=1), 檢索日期: 2025年8月23日。
Google(譯), Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. 2015. "我們有權捍衛我們的主權" (Mamy prawo bronić naszej suwerenności). Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/mamy-prawo-bronic-naszej-suwerennosci, 檢索日期: 2025年9月21日。
Google(譯), Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. 2016, August 31. "中歐和東歐國家議會領導人會議「團結與主權」" (Spotkanie przewodniczących parlamentów narodowych państw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej „Solidarność i suwerenność). Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/spotkanie-przewodniczacych-parlamentow-narodowych-panstw-europy-srodkowo-wschodniej-solidarnosc-i-suwerennosc, 檢索日期: 2025年9月21日。
Google(譯), Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. 2016, June 27. "有必要維護民族國家組成的歐洲，但他們之間需緊密合作" (Trzeba utrzymać Europę państw narodowych, ale ściśle ze sobą współpracujących). Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/trzeba-utrzymac-europe-panstw-narodowych-ale-scisle-ze-soba-wspolpracujacych, 檢索日期: 2025年7月23日。
Google(譯), Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. 2016, September 6. "維謝格拉德集團為更好的歐盟開出處方" (Grupa V4 ma receptę na lepszą Unię Europejską). Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/grupa-v4-ma-recepte-na-lepsza-unie-europejska, 檢索日期: 2025年9月21日。
Google(譯), Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. 2017. “國際政策應納入共同行動”(Polityka międzynarodowa powinna być objęta wspólnym działaniem). Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/polityka-miedzynarodowa-powinna-byc-objeta-wspolnym-dzialaniem, 檢索日期: 2025年7月15日。
Google(譯), Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. 2017. “歐盟必須要求自身遵守法治” (UE od samej siebie musi wymagać praworządności). Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/ue-od-samej-siebie-musi-wymagac-praworzadnosci, 檢索日期: 2025年7月15日。
Google(譯), Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. 2017. “歐盟必須要求自身遵守法治” (UE od samej siebie musi wymagać praworządności). Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/ue-od-samej-siebie-musi-wymagac-praworzadnosci, 檢索日期: 2025年7月15日。
Google(譯), Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. 2022. "制裁必須是真實的、毀滅性的和具體的" (Sankcje muszą być realne, miażdżące i konkretne). Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. [https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/sankcje-musza-byc-realne-miazdzace-i-konkretne](https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/sankcje-musza-byc-realne-miazdzace-i-konkretne), 檢索日期: 2025年7月16日。
Google(譯), Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. 2022. "緊急人道援助階段已過去" (Etap doraźnej pomocy humanitarnej jest za nami). Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. [https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/etap-doraznej-pomocy-humanitarnej-jest-za-nami](https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/etap-doraznej-pomocy-humanitarnej-jest-za-nami), 檢索日期: 2025年7月16日。
Google(譯), SENAT RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ POLSKIEJ (波蘭共和國參議院). 2010. "米哈爾·卡明斯基" (Michał Kamiński). https://www.senat.gov.pl/en/senators/lista-senatorow/senator,1016,10,michal-kaminski.html, 檢索日期: 2025年8月24日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2024, December 16. "匈牙利屬於匈牙利人，情況仍將如此" (Magyarország a magyaroké ésezígy is marad). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/magyarorszag-a-magyaroke-es-ez-igy-is-marad, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2024, June 13. "我們不會屈服於布魯塞爾官僚的金融勒索！" (Nem engedünk a brüsszeli bürokraták pénzügyi zsarolásának!). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/nem-engedunk-a-brusszeli-burokratak-penzugyi-zsarolasanak, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2024, November 30. "移民協議充滿漏洞" (Sok sebből vérzik a migrációs paktum). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/sok-sebbol-verzik-a-migracios-paktum, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2024, October 16. "匈牙利準備盡自己的一份力量防止新的移民潮" (Magyarország kész kivenni a részét az újabb migrációs hullámok megelőzéséből). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/magyarorszag-kesz-kivenni-a-reszet-az-ujabb-migracios-hullamok-megelozesebol, 檢索日期: 2025年5月23日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2024, October 29. "匈牙利將保護自己免受移民侵害！" (Magyarország megvédi magát a migránsoktól!). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2024, September 4. "如果匈牙利執行歐盟的決定，就必須取消邊境管制" (Ha Magyarország végrehajtaná az uniós döntést, meg kellene szüntetni a határőrizetet). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/ha-magyarorszag-vegrehajtana-az-unios-dontest-meg-kellene-szuntetni-a-hatarorizetet, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2024, September 6. "如果布魯塞爾想要移民，它就可以得到！" (Ha Brüsszel migránsokat akar, megkaphatja!). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/ha-brusszel-migransokat-akar-megkaphatja, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2024. "匈牙利在移民問題上的立場並不孤單" (Magyarország nincs egyedül a migrációval kapcsolatos álláspontjával). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/magyarorszag-nincs-egyedul-a-migracioval-kapcsolatos-allaspontjaval, 檢索日期: 2025年5月23日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2025, April 2. "今年年初以來抓獲的邊境違規者比去年同期多了五倍多" (Több mint ötször annyi határsértőt fogtak el az év eleje óta, mint tavaly ugyanebben az időszakban). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/tobb-mint-otszor-annyi-hatarsertot-fogtak-el-az-ev-eleje-ota-mint-tavaly-ugyanebben-az-idoszakban_2025, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2025, January 24. "反對派作為布魯塞爾的傀儡，會將移民和恐怖行為帶到匈牙利" (Az ellenzék Brüsszel bábjaként migránsokat és terrorcselekményt hozna Magyarországra). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/az-ellenzek-brusszel-babjakent-migransokat-es-terrorcselekmenyt-hozna-magyarorszagra, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2025, January 24. "我們將與那些破壞匈牙利安全的人戰鬥" (Harcolni fogunk azok ellen, akik lerombolnák Magyarország biztonságát). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/harcolni-fogunk-azok-ellen-akik-lerombolnak-magyarorszag-biztonsagat, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2025, March 24. "去年有九千名移民在邊境喪生" (Tavaly kilencezer migráns vesztette életét a határokon). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/tavaly-kilencezer-migrans-vesztette-eletet-a-hatarokon, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2025, May 3. "塞爾維亞-匈牙利邊境的移民越來越多" (Egyre több a migráns a szerb-magyar határon). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/egyre-tobb-a-migrans-a-szerb-magyar-hataron, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
Google(譯), Fidesz. 2025, May 7. "抵達歐洲的非法移民人數將繼續增加" (Folytatódni fog az Európába érkező illegális migránsok számának növekedése). Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/folytatodni-fog-az-europaba-erkezo-illegalis-migransok-szamanak-novekedese, 檢索日期: 2025年5月1日。
四、 網路資料
倪世傑，2024年8月20日，〈國會亂政的毀憲指南（上）：匈牙利與波蘭民粹政黨的司法侵蝕記〉，轉角國際，https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8663/8173712。檢索日期: 2025年9月26日。
劉致昕、陳映妤，2022，〈成為新前線的波蘭面對歷史性抉擇：更擁抱民主，或支持獨裁化極右政府？〉，報導者：https://www.twreporter.org/a/russian-invasion-of-ukraine-2022-poland-from-far-right-to-help-ukraine-refugees，檢索日期：2025年8月30日。
謝達文，2022年10月17日，〈20年前被視為「邊緣、極端」的歐洲極右派政黨，究竟是怎麼「正常化」的呢？〉，關鍵評論網：https://www.thenewslens.com/article/174291，檢索日期：2023年11月20日。
Google(譯) , Ł. Bertram & K. Wigura. 2016. “波蘭歐洲難民危機辯論的激進化” ("Die Radikalisierung der polnischen Debatte zur europäischen Flüchtlingskrise"). Polen-Analysen, 178: 2–7. www.laender-analysen.de/polen，檢索日期: 2024年8月16日。
Google(譯), Fotyga, A. 2016. “歐洲議會採納了安娜·福蒂加關於戰略溝通的報告” (PE przyjął raport Anny Fotygi ws. komunikacji strategicznej). Prawo i Sprawiedliwość. https://pis.org.pl/aktualnosci/pe-przyjal-raport-anny-fotygi-ws-komunikacji-strategicznej, 檢索日期: 2025年7月15日。
Google(譯), Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2016. “波蘭的宗教教派 2012–2014” (Wyznania religijne w Polsce 2012-2014). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/inne-opracowania/wyznania-religijne/wyznania-religijne-w-polsce-20122014,5,1.html
Google(譯), Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2019. “波蘭的宗教教派 2015-2018” (Wyznania religijne w Polsce 2015-2018). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. https://zws.stat.gov.pl/inne-opracowania/wyznania-religijne/wyznania-religijne-w-polsce-20152018,592.html
Google(譯), Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2020. “波蘭的宗教教派 2019-2020” (Wyznania religijne w Polsce w latach 2019-2020). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/inne-opracowania/wyznania-religijne/wyznania-religijne-w-polsce-2019-2021,5,3.html
Google(譯), Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2022. “波蘭的宗教教派 2019-2021” (Wyznania religijne w Polsce w latach 2019-2021). Główny Urząd Statystyczny. https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/inne-opracowania/wyznania-religijne/wyznania-religijne-w-polsce-2019-2021,5,3.html檢索日期: 2025年7月1日。
Google(譯), GUS (Główny Urząd Statystyczny - 波蘭中央統計局). 2014. 宗教信仰。波蘭的國家和民族協會 2009–2011年 (Wyznania religijne. Stowarzyszenia narodowościowe i etniczne w Polsce 2009–2011.). Główny Urząd Statystyczny.
Google(譯), Kochanowicz, M. 2015. “伊斯蘭，歐洲……矛盾何在？” (Islam, Europa… gdzie ta sprzeczność?). Kultura Liberalna. https://kulturaliberalna.pl/2015/07/07/maciej-kochanowicz-islam-europa-polska-islamofobia/
Google(譯), Wigura, K. 2015. “特別分析：關於宗教社區的激進化。子宮戰爭，危險的波蘭韃靼人，『真主至大』的怒吼。波蘭媒體中的伊斯蘭恐懼症” (Analiza specjalna: Radykalizacje dotyczące społeczności religijnych. Wojna macicami, groźni polscy Tatarzy, ryk „Allah Akbar”. Islamofobia w polskiej prasie). Kultura Liberalna. https://obserwatorium.kulturaliberalna.pl/raport/analiza-specjalna-radykalizacje-dotyczace-spolecznosci-religijnych/, 檢索日期: 2025年7月23日。
Google(譯), 444.hu. 2018. “CNN在七個歐洲國家測量了反猶太主義，匈牙利最強” (A CNN hét európai országban mérte fel az antiszemitizmust, Magyarországon a legerősebb). 444.hu. https://444.hu/2018/11/27/a-cnn-het-europai-orszagban-merte-fel-az-antiszemitizmust-magyarorszagon-a-legerosebb, 檢索日期: 2025年7月18日。
Google(譯), Atlatszo.hu. 2018.“匈牙利政府的宣傳如何能既親以色列又反猶太主義？” (Hogyan lehet egyszerre Izrael-párti és antiszemita is a magyar kormányzati propaganda?). Atlatszo.hu. https://dotoho.atlatszo.hu/2018/12/01/hogyan-lehet-egyszerre-izrael-parti-es-antiszemita-is-a-magyar-kormanyzati-propaganda/#, 檢索日期: 2025年7月18日。
Google(譯), HVG. 2015. “奧班：「伊斯蘭從來都不是歐洲的一部分」” (Orbán: "Az iszlám soha nem volt Európa része"). HVG. https://hvg.hu/itthon/20151016_Orban_Az_iszlam_soha_nem_volt_Europa_resz, 檢索日期: 2025年7月22日。
Google(譯), hvg.hu. 2011. "拉札爾對基民黨：『這不是一個聯合政府』" (Lázár a KDNP-nek: "ez nem egy koalíciós kormány"). hvg.hu. https://hvg.hu/itthon/20110718_lazar_kdnp_nem_koalicios_kormany。檢索日期: 2025年10月8日。
Google(譯), hvg.hu. 2011.「基民黨成員很震驚，但吞下了拉札爾的言論」 (Megdöbbentek, de lenyelik Lázár beszólását a KDNP-sek). hvg.hu. https://hvg.hu/itthon/20110718_Lazar_KDNP_vita_harrach。檢索日期: 2025年10月8日。
Google(譯), ORIGO.hu. 2022.“奧班·維克多：如果左派獲勝，武器將在第二天運往烏克蘭”(Orbán Viktor: Ha a Baloldal Nyer, Másnap Megindulnak a Fegyverszállítmányok Ukrajnába). ORIGO.hu. https://www.origo.hu/itthon/2022/04/orban-ha-a-baloldal-nyer-megindulnak-a-fegyverszallitasok-es-elzarjak-a-gazcsapot, 檢索日期: 2025年6月4日。
Google(譯), Sarkadi Zsolt. 2018. “Fidesz 數十年來未見的仇恨煽動了匈牙利社會”(A Fidesz évtizedek óta nem látott gyűlölködésbe hergelte a magyar társadalmat). 444.hu. https://444.hu/2018/11/23/a-fidesz-evtizedek-ota-nem-latott-gyulolkodesbe-hergelte-a-magyar-tarsadalmat, 檢索日期: 2025年9月25日。
五、 學位論文
許乃雲，2016，〈從認同角度看法國移民政策之發展與挑戰:以穆斯林為例〉，國立中興大學國際政治研究所碩士學位論文。
貳、外文部分
一、專書
Betz, H-G. 1994. Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe. New York: St Martin’s Press.
Grabowska-Lusińska, I., D. Drbohlav, and A. Hars, eds. 2011. Immigration puzzles: Comparative analysis of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland before and after joining the EU. Saarbrucken: Lap Lambert Academic Publishing.
Jaskulowski, Krzysztof.2019. The Everyday Politics of Migration Crisis in Poland: Between Nationalism, Fear and Empathy. Cham: Palgrave Pivot.
Judis, John B. 2017. The Populist Explosion: How the Great Recession Transformed American and European Politics. New York: Columbia Global Reports.
Mill, John Stuart. 2012. A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive: Being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mudde, Cas. 2007. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
O’Brien, Peter. 2016. The Muslim Question in Europe: Political Controversies and Public Philosophies. Temple University Press.
Przeworski, A., and J. Sprague. 1986. Paper Stones; A History of Electoral Socialism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Sadurski, Wojciech. 2019. Poland’s Constitutional Breakdown. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Scott, J. 1990. A Matter of Record: Documentary Sources in Social Research. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Wodak, Ruth. 2015. The Politics of Fear: What Right-Wing Populist Discourses Mean. 55 City Road, London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
二、專書篇章
Hsiao, Y.-C., S.-F. Cheng, and C. H. Achen. 2017. “Political Left and Right in Taiwan.” In The Taiwan Voter, edited by C. H. Achen and T. Y. Wang, 198–222. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Kneuer, Marianne.2011. “Deficits in Democratic Quality? The Effects of Party-System Institutionalisation on the Quality of Democracy in Central Eastern Europe.” In Regression of Democracy?, edited by Gero Erdmann and Marianne Kneuer. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Lipset, S. M., and S. Rokkan. 1967. "Cleavage structures, party systems, and voter alignments: An introduction." In Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National Perspectives. Free Press, 1–64.
Madlovics, Bálint, and Bálint Magyar.2024. “Hungary’s Dubious Loyalty: Orbán’s Regime Strategy in the Russia-Ukraine War.” In Russia’s Imperial Endeavor and Its Geopolitical Consequences: The Russia-Ukraine War, Volume Two, edited by Bálint Madlovics and Bálint Magyar, 255–286. Budapest: Central European University Press.
Morillas, Pol., and Hepford, Kiera. 2017. "Introduction." In Illiberal Democracies, the Visegrad Group and Future Prospects for the EU. Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, 5–8.
Mudde, Cas. 2017. "Populism: An Ideational Approach." In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy, 27–47.
Stanley, B. 2017. "Populism in Central and Eastern Europe." In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, edited by C. R. Kaltwasser, P. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, and P. Ostiguy, 140–158. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wæver, Ole.1995. “Securitization and Desecuritization.” In On Security, edited by Ronnie D. Lipschutz, 46–86. New York: Columbia University Press.
三、期刊
Ádám, Z. and Bozóki, A. 2016. "State and faith: Right-wing populism and nationalized religion in Hungary." East European Journal of Society and Politics 2, No. 1: 98-122.
Andersen, Robert, and Anthony Heath. 2003. "Social Identities and Political Cleavages: The Role of Political Context." Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A: Statistics in Society 166, No. 3: 301–327.
Angeloni, Silvia, and Francesco Maria Spano. 2018. “Asylum Seekers in Europe: Issues and Solutions.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 19, No. 2: 473–495.
Béla, T. A. 2003. "Like déjà vu all over again: The Hungarian Parliamentary elections of 2002." Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 19, No. 1: 155–171.
Betz, Hans‐Georg, and Carol Johnson. 2004. "Against the current—stemming the tide: the nostalgic ideology of the contemporary radical populist right." Journal of Political Ideologies 9, No. 3: 311–327.
Bill, Stanley, and Ben Stanley. 2020. "Whose Poland is it to be? PiS and the struggle between monism and pluralism." East European Politics 36, No. 3: 378–394.
Bowen, G. 2009. "Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method." Qualitative Research Journal 9: 27-40.
CASE Collective, 2006, “Critical Approaches to Security in Europe: A Networked Manifesto,” Security Dialogue 37, No. 4 : 443–487.
De Giorgi, Giacomo, and Michele Pellizzari. 2009. "Welfare Migration in Europe." Labour Economics 16, No. 4: 353–63.
Domalewska, D., and M. Żakowska. 2019. "Immigrant integration policy and practices in Poland." Security and Defence Quarterly 25, No. 3: 1–14.
E. K. Jenne. 2018. "Is Nationalism or Ethnopopulism on the Rise Today?" Ethnopolitics 17, No. 5: 546–552.
Ezrow, L., C. De Vries, M. Steenbergen, and M. Edwards. 2011. "Mean voter representation and partisan constituency representation: Do parties respond to the mean voter position or to their supporters?" Party Politics 17, No. 3: 275-301.
Fargues, Philippe. 2004. “Arab Migration to Europe: Trends and Policies.” International Migration Review 38, No. 4: 1348–71.
Fedyuk, Olena, and Marta Kindler, eds. 2016. Ukrainian Migration to the European Union: Lessons from Migration Studies. Springer Nature.
Foner, Nancy. 2015. “Is Islam in Western Europe Like Race in the United States?” Sociological Forum 30, No. 4: 885–99.
Friedman, E. 2017. "The politics of fear: what right wing populist discourses mean." Critical Discourse Studies 14, No. 5: 569–571.
Gerő, Márton, and Endre Sík. 2020. “The Moral Panic Button: Construction and consequences.” In Europe and the Refugee Response, 1st ed., 39-58. Routledge.
Green, Todd H. 2012. "Who Speaks for Europe's Muslims?: The Radical Right Obstacle to Dialogue." CrossCurrents 62, No. 3: 337–349.
Hooghe, L. 2007. "What Drives Euroskepticism?: Party-Public Cueing, Ideology and Strategic Opportunity." European Union Politics 8, No. 1: 5-12.
Ilikova, Lilia, and Andrey Tushev. 2020. "Right-Wing Populism in Central Europe: Hungarian Case (Fidesz, Jobbik)." Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana 25, No. Esp.12: 325-332.
Jennings, M. Kent. 1992. "Ideological Thinking among Mass Publics and Political Elites." Public Opinion Quarterly 56, No. 3: 419–41.
Kalmar, Ivan. 2018. "Islamophobia in the East of the European Union: an introduction." Patterns of Prejudice 52, No. 5: 389–405.
————. 2020. "Islamophobia and anti-antisemitism: the case of Hungary and the 'Soros plot'." Patterns of Prejudice 54, No. 1-2: 182-198.
Korkut, Umut, and Roland Fazekas. 2023. "The Ruptures and Continuities in Hungary’s Reception Policy: The Ukrainian Refugee Crisis." Central and Eastern European Migration Review 12, No. 1: 13–29.
Krotofil, Joanna, and Dominika Motak. 2018. “A critical discourse analysis of the media coverage of the migration crisis in Poland.” Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 28: 92-115.
Krzyżanowska, Natalia, and Michał Krzyżanowski. 2018. "‘Crisis’ and Migration in Poland: Discursive Shifts, Anti-Pluralism and the Politicisation of Exclusion." Sociology 52, No. 3: 612-618.
Kubas, Sebastian. 2023. “The 2022 Conditionality Regulation as a Turning Point in EU's and Hungary's understanding of the Europeanisation.” Romanian Journal of European Affairs 23, No. 2: 5–25.
Mahoney, James and Gary Goertz. 2006. “A Tale of Two Cultures: Contrasting Quantitative and Qualitative Research.” Political Analysis 14: 227-249.
Mainwaring, Scott. 1998. “Party Systems in the Third Wave.” Journal of Democracy 9, No. 3: 67-81.
Matveevskaya, A., S. N. Pogodin, and J. Wang. 2021. "Problem of human rights violations during the migrant crisis in Europe." Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University. Philosophy and Conflictology 37, No. 3: 508-515.
Millard, F. 2009. "Poland: Parties without a Party System, 1991-2008." Politics & Policy 37, No. 4: 781–798.
Mudde, Cas. 2010. "The Populist Radical Right: A Pathological Normalcy." West European Politics 33, No. 6: 1167–1186.
Muis, Jasper, and Tim Immerzeel. 2016. "Radical right populism." Sociopedia.isa.
Pepinsky, B. Thomas, Ádám Reiff, and Krisztina Szabó. 2024. “The Ukrainian Refugee Crisis and the Politics of Public Opinion: Evidence from Hungary.” Perspectives on Politics 22, No. 4: 989–1014.
Rácz, Barnabás. 2009. "Voting patterns on Hungarian parliamentary elections in 2002-2006." AHEA: E-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association 2
Rooduijn, Matthijs, Andrea L. P. Pirro, Daphne Halikiopoulou, Caterina Froio, Stijn Van Kessel, Sarah L. De Lange, Cas Mudde, and Paul Taggart. 2024. “The PopuList: A Database of Populist, Far-Left, and Far-Right Parties Using Expert-Informed Qualitative Comparative Classification (EiQCC).” British Journal of Political Science 54, No. 3: 969–78.
Rupnik, J. 2007. "From democracy fatigue to populist backlash." Journal of Democracy 18, No. 4: 17–25.
Rydgren, Jens. 2017. “Radical Right-Wing Parties in Europe: What’s Populism Got To Do with It?” Journal of Language and Politics 16, No.4: 485–96.
Schroeder, Ralph. 2020. “Political Power and the Globalizing Spread of Populist Politics.” Journal of Political Power 13, No. 1: 22–40.
Scipioni, M. 2018. "Failing forward in EU migration policy? EU integration after the 2015 asylum and migration crisis." Journal of European Public Policy 25, No. 9: 1357–1375.
Stockemer, D., A. Niemann, D. Unger, and J. Speyer. 2020. "The “Refugee Crisis,” Immigration Attitudes, and Euroscepticism." International Migration Review 54, No. 3: 883-912.
Szabó, Jakub. 2020. "First as tragedy, then as farce: A comparative study of right-wing populism in Hungary and Poland." Journal of Comparative Politics 13, No. 2: 24-42.
Tkach, Dmytro, and Maria Burmaka. 2024. "The Politics Of FIDESZ-KDNP Of Hungary Under V. Orbán In Western Media, 2010-2024." Public Administration and Law Review 3, No. 19: 91–101.
Tworzecki, Hubert. 2019. "Poland: A Case of Top-Down Polarization." The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681, No. 1: 97–119.
Vachudova, M. 2020. "Ethnopopulism and democratic backsliding in Central Europe." East European Politics 36, No. 3: 318–340.
Valfort, Marie-Anne. 2020. “Anti-Muslim Discrimination in France: Evidence from a Field Experiment.” World Development 135: 105022.
Van der Brug, Wouter. 2004. "Issue Ownership and Party Choice." Electoral Studies 23: 209-233.
Warner CM, Wenner MW. 2006. "Religion and the Political Organization of Muslims in Europe." Perspectives on Politics 4, No. 3: 457-479.
Zubaida, Sami. 2003. “Islam in Europe.” Critical Quarterly 45: 88-98.
四、官方網路資料
Constitution of Hungary. 2011. Constitution. Constitute. https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Hungary_2011, (accessed on July 15, 2025).
Council Decision (EU) 2015/1601 of 22 September 2015 establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy and Greece. 2015. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32015D1601, (accessed on August 7, 2025).
Council of the European Union. 2025. "Article 7 procedures." Council of the European Union. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/article-7-procedures/, (accessed on September 26, 2025).
————, 2025. How the EU helps refugees from Ukraine. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/refugee-inflow-from-ukraine/ , (accessed on July 4, 2023).
European Commission, Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs. 2024. Asylum in the EU. European Commission. https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/migration-and-asylum/asylum-eu_en , (accessed on May 21, 2025).
European Commission. 1993. Economic Accession Criteria. European Commission. https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/international-economic-relations/candidate-and-neighbouring-countries/enlargement/economic-accession-criteria_en, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
————, 2008. "European Refugee Fund 2008-2013 - Hungary" (Press Release IP/08/1862). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_08_1862, (accessed on August 22, 2025).
————, 2016. "Poland: Lack of Policy Framework and Negative Public Opinion Are the 2 Main Challenges to Integration, Experts Say." European Commission. https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/news/poland-lack-policy-framework-and-negative-public-opinion-are-2-main-challenges-integration_en , (accessed on August 23, 2025).
————, 2017. "Relocation: Commission launches infringement procedures against the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland." European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/DA/IP_17_1607, (accessed on March 30, 2024).
————, 2017. “Message by First Vice-President Frans Timmermans to the Muslim community on the occasion of European Action Day countering Hate Speech against Muslims and on Islamic New Year.” European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/newsroom/just/items/604291, (accessed on July 22, 2025).
————, 2018. “State of the Union 2018: Speech by Commissioner Avramopoulos on the Way Forward for Migration.” European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/speech_18_5883, (accessed on July 15, 2025).
————, 2019. "Rule of Law: European Commission launches infringement procedure to protect judges in Poland from political control", (Press Release IP/19/1957). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_19_1957, (accessed on September 26, 2025).
————, 2022. "EU solidarity with Ukraine." European Commission. https://commission.europa.eu/topics/eu-solidarity-ukraine_en, (accessed on September 21, 2025).
————, 2022. “Atlas of Migration - Displacement Ukraine (AoM 2022).” European Commission. https://migration-demography-tools.jrc.ec.europa.eu/atlas-migration/AoM_stories/AoM_UKR?selection=EU27_2020#Intro, (accessed on July 13, 2025).
————, 2022. 2022 Rule of Law Report: Country Chapter on the rule of law situation in Poland (Commission Staff Working Document SWD(2022) 521 final). European Commission, (accessed on July 13, 2025).
https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/2022_rule_of_law_report_-_country_chapter_poland_en.pdf, (accessed on September 26, 2025).
————, 2023. "The European Commission decides to refer POLAND to the Court of Justice of the European Union for violations of EU law by its Constitutional Tribunal." European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_23_842, (accessed on September 26, 2025).
————, 2024. "Combating anti-Muslim hatred." European Commission. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/racism-and-xenophobia/combating-anti-muslim-hatred_en, (accessed on November 23, 2024).
————, 2024. "Commission intends to close Article 7(1) TEU procedure for Poland." European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/nl/ip_24_2461, (accessed on September 26, 2025).
————, 2025. "Commission refers HUNGARY to the Court of Justice of the European Union for not complying with EU legislation on migrant smuggling" (Press release). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/es/ip_25_1128, (accessed on September 23, 2025).
————, 2025. "Syria." European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations. European Commission. https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/where/middle-east-and-northern-africa/syria_en, (accessed on September 15, 2025).
European Communities. 1997. Convention determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the Member States of the European Communities (Dublin Convention). Official Journal C 254, 1–12. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A41997A0819%2801%29, (accessed on September 15, 2025).
European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE). 2022. "Ukraine Displacement: As Displacements Hit 10 Million Mark Vulnerable Groups are Exposed, Neighbouring Countries Rely on Civil Society and EU Assistance, Commission Rejects Mandatory Distribution of Refugees." European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE). https://ecre.org/ukraine-displacement-as-displacements-hit-10-million-mark-vulnerable-groups-are-exposed-neighbouring-countries-rely-on-civil-society-and-eu-assistance-commission-rejects-mandatory-distribution-of-r/, (accessed on March 30, 2024).
————, 2022. 2022 update: AIDA country report - Hungary. European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE). https://ecre.org/2022-update-aida-country-report-hungary/, (accessed on November 24, 2024).
————, 2023. Seeking refuge in Poland: A fact-finding report on access to asylum and reception conditions for asylum seekers. European Council on Refugees and Exiles (ECRE). https://asylumineurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Seeking-refuge-in-Poland.pdf , (accessed on August 29, 2025).
European Parliament. 2020. "European Parliament to hold extraordinary plenary on 16 and 17 April." European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20200330IPR76105/european-parliament-to-hold-extraordinary-plenary-on-16-and-17-april, (accessed on September 23, 2025).
————, 2020. "Exploring Migration Causes: Why People Migrate." European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20200624STO81906/exploring-migration-causes-why-people-migrate, (accessed on March 30, 2024).
————, 2022. "Asylum and Migration in the EU: Facts and Figures." European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20170629STO78630/asylum-and-migration-in-the-eu-facts-and-figures, (accessed on March 30, 2024).
————, 2022. "MEPs: Hungary can no longer be considered a full democracy." European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20220909IPR40137/meps-hungary-can-no-longer-be-considered-a-full-democracy, (accessed on September 15, 2025).
————, 2025. "The protection of Article 2 TEU values in the EU." European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/factsheets/en/sheet/146/the-protection-of-article-2-teu-values-in-the-eu, (accessed on September 26, 2025).
European Union. 2015. Council Decision (EU) 2015/1601 of 22 September 2015 establishing provisional measures in the area of international protection for the benefit of Italy and Greece. Official Journal of the European Union. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32015D1601, (accessed on August 7, 2025).
————, 2020. "The EU and the crisis in Syria." EEAS - European Union. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-and-crisis-syria-0_en, (accessed on September 21, 2025).
————, 2020. Treaty on European Union — Joining the EU. EUR-Lex. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:l14536, (accessed on July 11, 2025).
Fidesz. 2024. "Hungary seeks exemption from EU asylum and migration rules." Fidesz.https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/magyarorszag-mentesseget-ker-az-unios-menekultugyi-es-migracios-szabalyok-alkalmazasa-alol4, (accessed on May 15, 2025).
Hargrave, Kieran, Kyle Homel, and Lenka Dražanová. 2023. “Public Narratives and Attitudes towards Refugees and Other Migrants.” European Commission. https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/library-document/poland-public-narratives-and-attitudes-towards-refugees-and-other-migrants_en, (accessed on July 23, 2025).
International Centre for Migration Policy Development. 2015. 2015 in review: Chronology of events and policy responses. International Centre for Migration Policy Development. https://www.icmpd.org/file/download/59411/file/2015%2520in%2520review_Chronology%2520of%2520events%2520and%2520policy%2520responses.pdf, (accessed on August 19, 2025).
Luyten, K. 2022, March. Temporary Protection Directive (EPRS Briefing). European Parliament Research Service. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2022/729331/EPRS_BRI(2022)729331_EN.pdf , (accessed on July 15, 2025).
National Electoral Commission. 2023. Results of Voting in Nationwide Referendum 2023. National Electoral Commission. https://referendum.gov.pl/referendum2023/en/wyniki/pl, (accessed on August 16, 2024).
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1999. "Hungary and NATO – 1999." NATO. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_227051.htm, (accessed on August 14, 2025).
Rittelmeyer, Yann-Sven. 2024. The Hungarian Parliament and EU affairs (EPRS Briefing No. 762351). European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/762351/EPRS_BRI(2024)762351_EN.pdf, (accessed on September 15, 2025).
UNHCR. 2002, November 19. "UNHCR Welcomes Poland’s Decision to Reopen Doors to Chechens." UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing-notes/poland-unhcr-welcomes-decision-chechens, (accessed on August 24, 2025).
————, 2015. "Mediterranean crisis 2015 at six months: Refugee and migrant numbers highest on record." UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/news/news-releases/mediterranean-crisis-2015-six-months-refugee-and-migrant-numbers-highest-record, (accessed on December 10, 2024).
————, 2015. "UNHCR calls on Hungary to protect, not persecute, refugees." UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/news/news-releases/unhcr-calls-hungary-protect-not-persecute-refugees, (accessed on August 7, 2025).
————, 2015. "UNHCR viewpoint: Refugee’ or ‘migrant’ – Which is right?" UNHCR. https://www.unhcr.org/news/stories/unhcr-viewpoint-refugee-or-migrant-which-right, (accessed on July 22, 2025).
————, 2017. Submission by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in the Case of D.A. and Others v. Poland (Application No. 51246/17) before the European Court of Human Rights. UNHCR. https://www.refworld.org/jurisprudence/amicus/unhcr/2018/en/120596, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
UNICEF Emergency Response Office in Hungary. 2024. UNICEF Emergency Response in Hungary. UNICEF Europe and Central Asia. https://www.unicef.org/eca/unicef-emergency-response-office-hungary, (accessed on December 20, 2024).
United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. 2018. “Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM).” https://www.ohchr.org/en/migration/global-compact-safe-orderly-and-regular-migration-gcm, (accessed on Nov 11, 2024).
United Nations Security Council. 2015. Resolution 2254 (2015) (S/RES/2254). United Nations Digital Library. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/814715?v=pdf, (accessed on September 24, 2025).
Visegrad Group. 2024. "The Visegrad Group: Czechia, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia | About the Visegrad Group." Visegrad Group. https://www.visegradgroup.eu/home, (accessed on September 8, 2025).
World Bank Data. 2011. Unemployment, Total (% of Total Labor Force) (Modeled ILO Estimate) - Poland. World Bank Data. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=PL, (accessed on August 24, 2025).
四、網路資料
Adler, Nils. 2023. “Anti-Migrant Rhetoric Dominates Politics in Poland Ahead of October Vote.” ALJAZEERA. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/27/anti-migrant-rhetoric-dominates-politics-in-poland-ahead-of-october-vote, (accessed on July 15, 2025).
Al Jazeera. 2015. “Hungarian PM: We don't want more Muslims.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/9/4/hungarian-pm-we-dont-want-more-muslims, (accessed on July 22, 2025).
Amnesty International. 2023. Hungary 2023. Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/western-central-and-south-eastern-europe/hungary/report-hungary/, (accessed on November 24, 2024).
Balcer, A. 2017. Beneath the surface of illiberalism: The recurring temptation of 'national democracy' in Poland and Hungary - with lessons for Europe. Wise Europa. https://pl.boell.org/en/2017/02/07/beneath-surface-illiberalism-recurring-temptation-national-democracy-poland-and-hungary, (accessed on December 4, 2024).
Balfour, Rosa, and Stefan Lehne. 2024. "Charting the Radical Right’s Influence on EU Foreign Policy." Carnegie Endowment. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2024/04/charting-the-radical-rights-influence-on-eu-foreign-policy?lang=en, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
Balfour, Rosa, Stefan Lehne, and Elena Ventura. 2025. “The European Radical Right in the Age of Trump 2.0.” Carnegie Endowment. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/09/the-european-radical-right-in-the-age-of-trump-20?lang=en, (accessed on November 24, 2025)
BBC News. 2016. "Migrant crisis: Hungary MPs reject Orban anti-refugee bill." BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37903194, (accessed on November 20, 2023).
————, 2017. "Emmanuel Macron defeats Le Pen to become French president." BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-39839349, (accessed on November 20, 2023).
————, 2017. "EU to sue Poland, Hungary and Czechs for refusing refugee quotas." BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-42270239, (accessed on August 15, 2025).
————, 2024. "Who Is Viktor Orban, Hungarian PM with 14-Year Grip on Power?" BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-67832416, (accessed on August 23, 2025).
Benyik, Matyas. 2016. "Fascism in Hungary." Cadtm.org. https://www.cadtm.org/Fascism-in-Hungary, (accessed on August 22, 2025).
Bloom, E., and A. Hudson. 2023. "Is Poland's democratic backsliding over? History shows it takes more than an election." International IDEA. https://www.idea.int/blog/polands-democratic-backsliding-over-history-shows-it-takes-more-election, (accessed on September 3, 2025).
Boffey, Daniel. 2018. "Orbán Claims Hungary Is Last Bastion against “Islamisation” of Europe." The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/18/orban-claims-hungary-is-last-bastion-against-islamisation-of-europe, (accessed on August 22, 2025).
Boros, Tamas. 2018. “George Soros and Viktor Orbán: The battle between progressivism and populism.” Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS). https://feps-europe.eu/george-soros-and-viktor-orban-the-battle-between-progressivism-and-populism/, (accessed on July 20, 2025).
Braun, Elisa. 2024. "EU Commission to end rule-of-law case against Poland." POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/european-commission-rule-of-law-case-poland/, (accessed on September 21, 2025).
Burke, Jason. 2009, May 31. "Divided Poland falls out over Solidarity." The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/may/31/poland-communism-twentieth-anniversary, (accessed on August 12, 2025).
Cienski, Jan, and Wojciech Kość. 2023. “Polish politicians attack migrants for electoral gain.” POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/polish-politicians-donald-tusk-attack-migrants-for-electoral-gain/, (accessed on July 16, 2025).
Cienski, Jan. 2015. "Migrants carry ‘parasites and protozoa,’ warns Polish opposition leader." POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/migrants-asylum-poland-kaczynski-election/, (accessed on March 30, 2024).
————, 2017. “Why Poland doesn’t want refugees.” POLITICO. https://www.politico.eu/article/politics-nationalism-and-religion-explain-why-poland-doesnt-want-refugees/, (accessed on July 23, 2025).
Deloy, Corinne, and Helen Levy. 2006. "General elections in Hungary , 9th and 23rd April 2006." The Robert Schuman Foundation. https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/monitor/501-general-elections-in-hungary-9th-and-23rd-april-2006, (accessed on August 14, 2025).
Deloy, Corinne. 2014. "Unsurprisingly outgoing Prime Minister Viktor Orban wins the general election in Hungary." FONDATION ROBERT SCHUMAN. https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/european-elections-monitor/570-unsurprisingly-outgoing-prime-minister-viktor-orban-wins-the-general-election-in-hungary, (accessed on August 16, 2025).
————, 2015, December 15. "Young people vote far-right in Europe." DW. https://www.dw.com/en/young-people-vote-far-right-in-europe/a-18917193, (accessed on November 20, 2023).
————, 2015. "Poland to stop accepting refugees after Paris attacks." Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/poland-to-stop-accepting-refugees-after-paris-attacks/a-18850522, (accessed on August 7, 2025).
————, 2018. “Orban vows to combat anti-Semitism in Israel visit.” Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/viktor-orban-says-jews-can-feel-safe-in-hungary-during-israel-visit/a-44748908, (accessed on July 18, 2025).
EURACTIV. 2016. "EU takes unprecedented step against Poland over rule of law." EURACTIV. https://www.euractiv.com/news/eu-takes-unprecedented-step-against-poland-over-rule-of-law/, (accessed on September 21, 2025). https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/eu-takes-unprecedented-step-against-poland-over-rule-of-law/, (accessed on September 21, 2025).
Eurostat. 2024. Asylum applications - annual statistics. Eurostat. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Asylum_applications_-_annual_statistics, (accessed on November 24, 2024).
Fidesz. 2024. "Hungary seeks exemption from EU asylum and migration rules." Fidesz. https://www.fidesz.hu/hirek/magyarorszag-mentesseget-ker-az-unios-menekultugyi-es-migracios-szabalyok-alkalmazasa-alol4, (accessed on May 15, 2025).
Garamvolgyi, Flora. 2022. "Orbán Casts Himself as Safe Choice as ‘Cruel, Bloody War’ Looms over Hungary’s Election." The Guardian. 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/23/orban-casts-himself-as-safe-choice-as-cruel-bloody-war-looms-over-hungarys-election, (accessed on August 22, 2025).
Garcés-Mascareñas, B. 2015. "Why Dublin doesn't work." CIDOB Notes Internacionals, No. 135. https://www.cidob.org/en/publications/why-dublin-doesnt-work, (accessed on July 8, 2024).
Gera, Vanessa. 2023. "A hard-right party gathers strength in Poland, pushing a new, less friendly course on Ukraine." AP. https://apnews.com/article/poland-election-far-right-party-confederation-3d29f10eb59ad880c6f64d5025277a8c, (accessed on August 29, 2025).
Goettig, Marcin, and Agnieszka Barteczko. 2015. Poland's Eurosceptics win outright majority in parliament. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-poland-election-idUSKCN0SL1XH20151027, (accessed on July 4, 2024).
Golebiowska, K., M. Pachocka, and S. Kubiciel-Lodzińska. n.d. "Poland has opened its arms to nearly 1 million Ukrainian refugees, but will they be able to stay for the long term?" The Conversation. https://www.regionalstudies.org/rsa-blog/blog2024poland-has-opened-its-arms-to-nearly-1-million-ukrainian-refugees-but-will-they-be-able-to-stay-for-the-long-term/, (accessed on July 4, 2023).
Gorondi, Pablo. 2017. “Hungary's leader: EU and Soros seek to "Muslimize" Europe.” AP News. https://apnews.com/general-news-72d9b9fea69f4cca901dfe6279ac5d37, (accessed on July 23, 2025).
Hafez, Farid. 2017. “When anti-Semitism and Islamophobia join hands.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2017/8/9/when-anti-semitism-and-islamophobia-join-hands, (accessed on July 18, 2025).
Hargrave, Kieran, Kyle Homel, and Lenka Dražanová. 2023. “Public Narratives and Attitudes towards Refugees and Other Migrants.” European Commission. https://migrant-integration.ec.europa.eu/library-document/poland-public-narratives-and-attitudes-towards-refugees-and-other-migrants_en, (accessed on July 23, 2025).
Hargrave, Kieran, Kyle Homel, and Lenka Dražanová. 2024. “Poland Has Opened Its Arms to Nearly 1 Million Ukrainian Refugees, but Will They Be Able to Stay for the Long Term?” The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/poland-has-opened-its-arms-to-nearly-1-million-ukrainian-refugees-but-will-they-be-able-to-stay-for-the-long-term-219481, (accessed on July 15, 2025).
Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS). 2024. “The EU Pact on Migration and Asylum, Explained.” HIAS. https://hias.org/news/eu-pact-migration-and-asylum-explained/, (accessed on June 27, 2025).
Herszenhorn, Matthew M., Jacopo Barigazzi, and Barbara Moens. 2022. "After Orbán Pipes Up, Hungary Skips Russian Oil Ban." Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/orban-hungary-eu-oil-ban-exempt-euco/, (accessed on June 12, 2025).
Human Rights Watch. 2015. "Hungary: Locked out seeking asylum." Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/12/01/hungary-locked-seeking-asylum, (accessed on September 8, 2025).
————, 2016. What Does Hungary’s Migrant Quotas Referendum Mean for Europe? HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH. https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/06/what-does-hungarys-migrant-quotas-referendum-mean-europe, (accessed on August 7, 2025).
Hungary PM Claims EU Migrant Quota Referendum Victory. 2016. BBC NEWS. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-37528325, (accessed on August 7, 2025).
Illiberalism Studies Program. 2022. "Péter Krekó on Hungary as a force for illiberalism." Illiberalism Studies Program. https://www.illiberalism.org/peter-kreko-on-hungary-as-a-force-for-illiberalism/, (accessed on September 21, 2025).
Indeed Editorial Team. 2021. "Document Analysis Guide: Definition and How To Perform It." Indeed. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/document-analysis, (accessed on June 4, 2024).
InfoMigrants. 2017. “Orban: 'Ethnic homogeneity' vital for economic success”. InfoMigrants. https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/2118/hungarys-orban-ethnic-homogeneity-vital-for-economic-success, (accessed on July 18, 2025).
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU). "Poland Sejm October 2023 | Election results." IPU Parline: global data on national parliaments. https://data.ipu.org/parliament/PL/PL-LC01/election/PL-LC01-E20231015/, (accessed on October 20, 2025).
————, 1994. "HUNGARY Orszaggyules (National Assembly)." INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION. http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2141_arc.htm, (accessed on August 23, 2025).
————, 1998. "HUNGARY Parliamentary Chamber: Országgyülés ELECTIONS HELD IN 1998." IPU Parline. http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2141_98.htm, (accessed on August 23, 2025).
————, 2002. "HUNGARY Parliamentary Chamber: Országgyülés ELECTIONS HELD IN 2002." IPU Parline. http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2141_02.htm, (accessed on August 22, 2025).
————, 2005. "ELECTIONS IN 2005." INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION. http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2255_05.htm, (accessed on July 15, 2024).
————, 2007. "POLAND Sejm ELECTIONS IN 2007." INTER-PARLIAMENTARY UNION. http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2255_07.htm, (accessed on August 24, 2025).
————, 2014. "HUNGARY Országgyülés (National Assembly) ELECTIONS HELD IN 2014." Inter-Parliamentary Union. http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2141_14.htm, (accessed on August 30, 2025).
IOM (UN MIGRATION). 2015. Mediterranean Arrivals Near Record 600,000. IOM. https://www.iom.int/news/mediterranean-arrivals-near-record-600000, (accessed on July 22, 2025).
IOM Hungary. 2021. "The European Migration Crisis and Hungary." IOM Hungary. https://hungary.iom.int/european-migration-crisis-and-hungary, (accessed on September 23, 2025).
Ipsos. 2015. “Perceptions are not reality: What the world gets wrong.” Ipsos. https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/perceptions-are-not-reality-what-world-gets-wrong, (accessed on July 22, 2025).
Islam, Shada. 2023. “Islamophobia and antisemitism are equal scourges – and the EU is finally recognising that.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/dec/07/islamophobia-antisemitism-eu-anti-muslim-hate-europe, (accessed on July 20, 2025).
Kovács, Zoltán. 2018. "‘Security First’: Hungary responds to the UN with a 12-point proposal to handle global migration." About Hungary. https://abouthungary.hu/blog/security-first-hungary-responds-to-the-un-with-a-12-point-proposal-to-handle-global-migration, (accessed on July 11, 2025).
Krawatzek, Félix, and Piotr Goldstein. 2022. "Young Poles in Times of Dramatic Change: Refugees, Identity and Social Engagement." ZOiS Report 2/2022. https://www.zois-berlin.de/en/publications/zois-report/young-poles-in-times-of-dramatic-change-refugees-identity-and-social-engagement, (accessed on August 15, 2025).
Krekó, Péter. 2021. "Fidesz’s Exit From the European People’s Party Will Diminish Hungary’s Influence in the EU." Institut Montaigne. https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/expressions/fideszs-exit-european-peoples-party-will-diminish-hungarys-influence-eu, (accessed on September 21, 2025).
Kummetz, Pablo. 2005, October 24. "New Polish President Sends Worrying Signals." Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/new-polish-president-sends-worrying-signals/a-1750896, (accessed on August 11, 2025).
Levy, Helen. 2010. "The Right Party, Led by Viktor Orban, Wins a Resounding Victory in the 1st Round of General Elections in Hungary." FOUNDATION ROBERT SCHUMAN. https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/monitor/1010-the-right-party-led-by-viktor-orban-wins-a-resounding-victory-in-the-1st-round-of-general-elections-in-hungary, (accessed on August 22, 2025).
MacGregor, M. 2023. Anti-immigrant Hungary struggling to accommodate Ukrainian refugees. InfoMigrants. https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/48527/antiimmigrant-hungary-struggling-to-accommodate-ukrainian-refugees, (accessed on July 4, 2023).
Mandhai, S. 2017. "How big an issue is Islamophobia in Poland?" Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/14/how-big-an-issue-is-islamophobia-in-poland, (accessed on July 13, 2025).
Mayring, P. 2014. "Qualitative content analysis: theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution". Klagenfurt. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-395173 (accessed on July 8, 2024).
Medve, Flora. 2020. Vote share in the Hungarian parliamentary election vote of 2018. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/895670/hungary-election-share/, (accessed on November 12, 2023).
Ministry of Interior and Administration, Office for Foreigners. 2022. "The law on assistance to Ukrainian citizens in connection with the armed conflict on the territory of the country has entered into force." gov.pl. https://www.gov.pl/web/udsc-en/the-law-on-assistance-to-ukrainian-citizens-in-connection-with-the-armed-conflict-on-the-territory-of-the-country-has-entered-into-force, (accessed on July 16, 2025).
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1999. "Hungary and NATO – 1999." NATO. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/declassified_227051.htm, (accessed on August 14, 2025).
Notes from Poland. 2021. "Poland is world’s “most autocratizing country”, finds democracy index." Notes from Poland. https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/03/11/poland-is-worlds-most-autocratizing-country-finds-democracy-index/, (accessed on September 3, 2025).
NPR. 2016. "Hungary's Referendum On Refugee Resettlement Is Overwhelming — But Invalid." NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/03/496376263/hungarian-referendum-on-refugees-is-overwhelming-but-invalid, (accessed on September 26, 2025).
Ojewska, Natalia. 2015. “Poland’s modest refugee policy proves controversial.” Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2015/11/9/polands-modest-refugee-policy-proves-controversial, (accessed on July 20, 2025).
Patoka, Marianna. 2023. "From the struggle against communism to proto-authoritarianism: Hungarian Fidesz party history." Svidomi. https://svidomi.in.ua/en/page/from-the-struggle-against-communism-to-proto-authoritarianism-hungarian-fidesz-party-history, (accessed on July 23, 2025).
Phalnikar, Sonia. 2005, October 11. "Berlin, Warsaw Head for Cool Spell." Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/berlin-warsaw-head-for-cool-spell/a-1736976, (accessed on August 1, 2025).
Pipes, Daniel. 2018. "Hungary: Not “Submitting to Islam.”" The Jerusalem Post. https://www.jpost.com/opinion/hungary-not-submitting-to-islam-565769#google_vignette, (accessed on July 22, 2025).
Pivarnyik, Balazs, and Bela Szandelszky. 2021. "Hungary: Lawmakers pass law barring LGBT content for minors." AP. https://apnews.com/article/government-and-politics-europe-hungary-laws-business-d093db541d1ad00bd4b28bb3a22cdb1b, (accessed on September 8, 2025).
Ptak, Alicja. 2024, June 19. "Detention of Polish Soldiers Who Fired towards Migrants Was “Fully Justified”, Says Head of Military Police." NFP. https://notesfrompoland.com/2024/06/19/detention-of-polish-soldiers-who-fired-towards-migrants-was-fully-justified-says-head-of-military-police/, (accessed on August 23, 2025).
Rittelmeyer, Yann-Sven. 2024. The Hungarian Parliament and EU affairs (EPRS Briefing No. 762351). European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2024/762351/EPRS_BRI(2024)762351_EN.pdf, (accessed on September 15, 2025).
Sedgwick, Mark. 2017. “Imaginary Muslims: How Poland’s populists frame Islam.” Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/imaginary-muslims-how-polands-populists-frame-islam/, (accessed on July 22, 2025).
Shaun Walker. 2018. "“Ghettos and No-Go Zones”: Hungary’s Far Right Fuels Migrant Fears Ahead of Vote." The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/28/hungary-election-viktor-orban-far-right-stokes-migration-fears-far-from-border, (accessed on August 22, 2025).
Stowarzyszenie Interwencji Prawnej. 2024, October 30. "The Act on Assistance for Ukrainian Citizens." https://ukraina.interwencjaprawna.pl/the-act-on-assistance-for-ukrainian-citizens/, (accessed on July 15, 2025).
Tait, Robert. 2022. "Hungary Accused of Inflating Number of Ukrainian Arrivals to Seek EU Funds." The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/30/hungary-accused-of-inflating-number-of-ukrainian-arrivals-to-seek-eu-funds, (accessed on August 22, 2025).
Taylor, Paul. 2022. "Viktor Orbán: Dealmaker or Values-Breaker?" Politico. https://www.politico.eu/article/viktor-orban-dealmaker-values-breaker/, (accessed on June 18, 2025).
The Guardian. 2010, November 22. "Conservatives’ EU Alliance in Turmoil as Michał Kamiński Leaves “far Right” Party." The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/nov/22/conservatives-eu-alliance-michal-kaminski, (accessed on July 15, 2025).
The Independent. 2015. “ 'Today refugees, tomorrow terrorists': Eastern Europeans chant anti-Islam slogans in demonstrations against refugees.” The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/refugees-crisis-pro-and-antirefugee-protests-take-place-in-poland-in-pictures-10499352.html, (accessed on July 15, 2024).
Tilles, Daniel. 2020. "Poland Has among Biggest Increases in Public Acceptance of Migrants, Finds International Poll." Notes from Poland. https://notesfrompoland.com/2020/09/23/poland-has-among-biggest-increases-in-public-acceptance-of-migrants-finds-international-poll/, (accessed on August 23, 2025).
————, 2021. "“Do Not Stigmatise Migrants and Refugees,” Appeals Head of Polish Church amid Border Crisis." NFP. https://notesfrompoland.com/2021/10/04/do-not-stigmatise-migrants-and-refugees-appeals-head-of-polish-church-amid-border-crisis/, (accessed on August 23, 2025).
————, 2023. "A Backlash against the Backlash: Poland’s Failed Conservative Revolution." Notes from Poland. https://notesfrompoland.com/2023/11/26/a-backlash-against-the-backlash-polands-failed-conservative-revolution/, (accessed on August 23, 2025).
Todd, Jacob. 2021. “The Two Faces of Orban’s Hungary: Christian and Neo-Ottoman.” Reporting Democracy. https://balkaninsight.com/2021/11/08/the-two-faces-of-orbans-hungary-christian-and-neo-ottoman/, (accessed on July 21, 2025).
Traynor, Ian. 2015. “Migration Crisis: Hungary PM Says Europe in Grip of Madness.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/03/migration-crisis-hungary-pm-victor-orban-europe-response-madness, (accessed on July 22, 2025).
Tworzecki, H., and R. Markowski. 2015. Did Poland just vote in an authoritarian government? The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/11/03/did-poland-just-vote-in-an-authoritarian-government/, (accessed on September 3, 2025).
U.S. Department of State. 2018. Poland 2017 international religious freedom report. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Poland-3.pdf, (accessed on July 23, 2025).
————, 2022. 2022 report on international religious freedom: Hungary. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/hungary/, (accessed on July 20, 2025).
————, 2022. 2022 report on international religious freedom: Poland. U.S. Department of State, (accessed on July 11, 2025). https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/poland, (accessed on July 11, 2025).
————, 2023. 2023 report on international religious freedom: Hungary. U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/hungary/, (accessed on July 21, 2025).
United Nations Security Council. 2015. Resolution 2254 (2015) (S/RES/2254). United Nations Digital Library. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/814715?v=pdf, (accessed on September 24, 2025).
Velarde, Justin. 2022. "Poland’s abuses of power at its border and the decline of democracy." Democratic Erosion. https://www.democratic-erosion.com/2022/06/10/polands-abuses-of-power-at-its-border-and-the-decline-of-democracy/, (accessed on September 3, 2025).
Walker, Shaun. 2019. "Viktor Orbán Calls for Anti-Migration Politicians to Take over EU." The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/10/viktor-orban-calls-anti-migration-politics-take-over-eu-matteo-salvini, (accessed on August 22, 2025).
————, 2020. "Hungary to consider bill that would allow Orbán to rule by decree." The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/23/hungary-to-consider-bill-that-would-allow-orban-to-rule-by-decree, (accessed on September 24, 2025).
Waters, Noah. 2022. "Democratic backsliding in Poland." Democratic Erosion. https://democratic-erosion.org/2022/04/28/democratic-backsliding-in-poland/, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
Yendell, Andrea. 2018. “Understanding and Explaining Islamophobia in Eastern Europe.” Connections. A Journal for Historians and Area Specialists. https://www.connections.clio-online.net/article/id/fda-133246, (accessed on July 23, 2025).
Zerka, P. 2023. Message in a ballot: What Poland's election means for Europe. European Council on Foreign Relations. https://ecfr.eu/article/message-in-a-ballot-what-polands-election-means-for-europe/, (accessed on September 3, 2025).
五、研究報告
Abramowitz, M. J. 2018. Freedom in the world 2018: Democracy in crisis. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
CBOS Public Opinion Research Center. 2023. POLISH PUBLIC OPINION, 9/2023. “Opinions about the war in Ukraine and Ukrainians in Poland.” CBOS Public Opinion Research Center. https://www.cbos.pl/PL/publikacje/public_opinion/2023/09_2023.pdf, (accessed on July 15, 2025).
Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, and Fabio Angiolillo, et al. 2025. "V-Dem Codebook v15." Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
Eszter Farkas. 2024. "The contradictions in Hungary’s immigration policy and communication." Migration Policy Centre. https://migrationpolicycentre.eu/the-contradictions-in-hungarys-immigration-policy-and-communication/, (accessed on August 15, 2025).
Freedom House. 2019. Freedom in the world 2019: Democracy in retreat. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
————, 2023. Hungary: Freedom in the World 2023. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/country/hungary/freedom-world/2023, (accessed on July 21, 2025).
Gorokhovskaia, Y., A. Shahbaz, and A. Slipowitz. 2023. Freedom in the world 2023: Marking 50 years in the struggle for democracy. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
Gorokhovskaia, Y., and C. Grothe. 2024. Freedom in the world 2024: The mounting damage of flawed elections and armed conflict. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
Hunyadi, Bence, and Csaba Molnár. 2016. “Central Europe's Faceless Strangers.” Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org/report/analytical-brief/2016/central-europes-faceless-strangers#.WThIFG5CTIU, (accessed on July 23, 2025).
Matthijs Rooduijn, Andrea L. P. Pirro, Daphne Halikiopoulou, Camilla Froio, Stijn van Kessel, Sarah L. de Lange, Cas Mudde, and Paul Taggart. 2023, September. The PopuList (Version 3.0). https://popu-list.org/, (accessed on August 23, 2025).
Morillas, Pol, and Kristina Hepford. Illiberal Democracies in the EU: The Visegrad Group and the Risk of Disintegration. Barcelona: CIDOB Edicions, 2017.
Pew Research Center. 2016. "Number of Refugees to Europe Surges to Record 1.3 Million in 2015." Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/08/02/number-of-refugees-to-europe-surges-to-record-1-3-million-in-2015/, (accessed on July 4, 2025).
————, 2016. “Hungarians share Europe‘s embrace of democratic principles, but are less tolerant of refugees, minorities.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2016/09/30/hungarians-share-europes-embrace-of-democratic-principles-but-are-less-tolerant-of-refugees-minorities/, (accessed on July 21, 2025).
————, 2016. “Negative views of minorities, refugees common in EU.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/07/11/negative-views-of-minorities-refugees-common-in-eu/, (accessed on July 22, 2025).
————, 2017. “Europe’s Growing Muslim Population.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-population/, (accessed on May 20, 2025).
Puddington, A. 2015. Freedom in the world 2015: Discarding democracy: Return to the iron fist. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
Puddington, A., and T. Roylance. 2016. Freedom in the world 2016: Anxious dictators, wavering democracies: Global freedom under pressure. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
————, 2017. Freedom in the world 2017: Populists and autocrats: The dual threat to global democracy. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
Repucci, S. 2020. Freedom in the world 2020: A leaderless struggle for democracy. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
Repucci, S., and A. Slipowitz. 2021. Freedom in the world 2021: Democracy under siege. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
————, 2022. Freedom in the world 2022: The global expansion of authoritarian rule. Freedom House. https://freedomhouse.org, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem). 2014-2024. Country graph. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://www.v-dem.net/data_analysis/CountryGraph/, (accessed on September 14, 2025).
————, 2017. Country graph. Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://www.v-dem.net/data_analysis/CountryGraph/, (accessed on September 9, 2025).
 
六、學位論文
Nielsen, Mikkel. 2024. “Poland, Hungary, and the War in Ukraine: The Case of Why Poland and Hungary Reacted Differently to the War in Ukraine.” Master’s thesis, Aalborg University.