1982 年聯合國海洋法公約承認印尼為群島國家，因此印尼在群島海域上有了優勢地位。 1999 年印尼政府頒布了第 22 號法律，這部法律是印尼權力下放的基礎。基於法律，中央政府權力轉移至地方，包括8個具有群島特徵的省份。這些省份的特點是海域面積大於陸地面積，人口分散在各個島嶼上。不幸的是，分權法並沒有完全支持這些群島區域自治權力。這些群島地區擁有海域事務權力較小，中央政府主導航運、港口、維護、小島管理、油氣、採礦、30總噸以上船舶捕撈等海域事務。其結果這些群島省分缺乏收入來源， 這些分配款是按照土地與人口計算。

因此，人口少、國土面積小的群島省份，只能分配到少量的稅收。同時，這些群島需要大量資金建設港口等海上基礎設施，提供海上運輸。此外，這些群島省份的區域收入少，管理面積又大，落後於陸地省份。本論文研究發現群島與非群島省份之間存在城鄉差距的問題。因為這些地方政府缺乏管理省級群島海域權力，島上的碼頭等基本海洋基礎設施不足，並不是所有的島嶼都能享有海運服務。問題最多的基礎設施，包括淨水、電力與資訊系統，並非所有島上的居民都能享有教育與醫療設施，這些島上居民必須離開居住的區域，到本島才能享有公共服務。

為此，本研究提出了一個新概念：海域權力下放，基於此概念之下，賦予群島自主管理省級群島海域的權力，讓這些群島居民都能享有公平的待遇。

The UNCLOS 1982 set the recognition for Indonesia as an archipelagic state. With this acknowledgment, Indonesia gains its advantage in managing archipelagic waters. In 1999 Law number 22 was enacted. This law is the foundation of decentralization in Indonesia. The law shifted the power from the central government to the locals, including the eight provinces with the archipelagic characteristic. The archipelagic provinces are characterized by a sea area more prominent than the land area, and its population disperses over various islands. Unfortunately, the law on decentralization did not fully support regional autonomy in the archipelagic characteristic. There is minor authority for the archipelagic regions to manage maritime affairs. The central government dominated maritime affairs such as shipping, harbor, conservation, management of small islands, oil and gas, mining, fishing for ships above 30 GT, and so on. As a result, the archipelagic regions lost their revenue potential. The small revenue is also exacerbated by the central transfer fund calculation, the general allocation fund, which only calculates land area and population.

Consequently, the archipelagic provinces, with their small population and land area, only get a small number of central transfer funds. At the same time, they need considerable funds to build maritime infrastructure such as ports and provide sea transportation. Furthermore, with the minor regional revenue and the large area that must be managed, island provinces are left behind provinces with mainland characteristics. This study found much evidence of disparities between archipelagic and non-archipelagic provinces.

The implication of the lack of authority in managing their provincial archipelagic waters is that public services are not designed to be oriented towards areas with archipelagic characteristics. Basic marine infrastructure, such as piers on small islands, is inadequate. Not all small islands can be reached by sea transportation at any time. The basic infrastructure that encounters the most problems is clean water, electricity, and information and telecommunications. Not all inhabited islands have education and health facilities. Therefore, residents of small islands need to overpass the island to the main island to get services. The main obstacle to public services in archipelagic areas is basic infrastructure and human resources. Many health facilities lack medical staff, and schools lack teachers.

For this reason, this research offers a new concept: maritime-based decentralization. This concept suggests that regions with archipelagic characteristics be given autonomy to manage their provincial archipelagic waters so that the designed public service is public service that supports the features of the archipelago and focuses and island interconnectivity. Such as mobile health and education facilities that can reach small islands.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


Verification Letter from the Doctoral Examination Committee i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
CHINESE ABSTRACT iv
ENGLISH ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
LIST OF GRAPHS x
LIST OF CHARTS xi
ABBREVIATIONS xii
CHAPTER 1 1
1.1 Why Indonesia Matters? 3
1.2 Indonesia as Archipelagic State 8
1.3 Research Questions 12
1.4 Methodology 13
1.4.1 Unit of Analysis 14
1.4.2 Case Selection 14
1.4.2.1 West Nusa Tenggara Province 15
1.4.2.2 West Sumbawa Regency 19
1.4.3 Data Collection 20
1.4.3.1 Informant 20
1.4.3.2 Secondary Data 24
1.4.3.3 Observation 24
1.4.3.4 Data Analysis 25
CHAPTER 2 28
2.1 Archipelagic State 28
2.2 Decentralization 33
2.2.1 Criticism of Decentralization 36
2.2.2 Political Decentralization 38
2.2.3 Fiscal Decentralization 41
2.2.4 Administrative Decentralization 45
2.2.5 Decentralized Marine and Coastal Management 47
2.2.6 Comparison of Decentralized Coastal Management in Other Countries 50
2.3 The Concept of Public services 53
2.3.1 Common Pool Resources 58
2.3.2 Public Service and Decentralization 60
2.3.3 Criticism of Public Service and Decentralization 64
CHAPTER 3 68
3.1 The Archipelagic State, When It Started 69
3.1.2 Mutatis Mutandis of Archipelagic Regions 74
3.2 Administrative Regime of Decentralization in Indonesia 76
3.3 The Formal Design of Decentralization and Maritime Governance 81
3.3.1 A Comparison of Local Government Laws 81
3.4 The Development of Proliferation in Indonesia 89
CHAPTER 4 95
4.1 An Overview of the Comparison of Archipelagic and Non-Archipelagic Regions 99
4.2 Administrative Decentralization 109
4.2.1 Unsynchronized Development Planning with Spatial Planning 110
4.2.2 Central Domination in Port Management 117
4.3 Political decentralization 122
4.3.1. The Rejection of the Archipelago Regional Draft Bill by the Central 123
4.3.2 Proliferation led to fragmentation 131
4.4 Fiscal Decentralization 134
4.4.1 High Dependency on Central Transfers in the Archipelago Region 137
CHAPTER 5 142
5.1 Maritime Affairs in West Nusa Tenggara 144
5.1.1 Small Islands in West Nusa Tenggara 146
5.1.2 Maritime Services 149
5.2 Disparity among two main Islands 151
5.3 Political Decentralization and Public Services 157
5.4 Fiscal Decentralization in West Nusa Tenggara 162
5.5 Islands interconnectivity on health services delivery 167
5.5 Not enough population, should we build more schools? 174
5.6 Infrastructure 181
CHAPTER 6 187
6.1 General Condition of West Sumbawa Regency 190
6.2 Political Decentralization 198
6.2.1 Staffing System that is not Based on Meritocracy 200
6.2.2 The Rise of Innovation Amidst its Limitation 203
6.3 Fiscal Decentralization 206
6.4 Decentralization and Its Implications for Public Services 211
6.4.1 Public Services in Health Sector 212
6.4.2 Public Service in Education Sector 226
6.4.3 Basic Infrastructure 234
CHAPTER 7 238
7.1 Conclusion 238
7.2 Theoretical Implications 249
7.3 Policy Implications 251
7.4 Proposing Preliminary Concept of Maritime-Based Decentralization 253
7.5 Discussion and Future Development 256
REFERENCES 261
APPENDIX 1 LIST OF INTERVIEWEES 279
APPENDIX 2 INTERVIEW GUIDE 281

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