公民社會毫無疑問 政治科學中最有爭議的術語之一。它是一個複雜的概念，這個概念中有不同的內容和特點可以被強調，并且概念的邊界模糊且無法被嚴格的定義。
公民社會常見與普遍地是被定義為是國家和家庭之間的領域。但是為了要和社會此一名詞有所區別，必須要加上〝指的是公民為了促進和保衛他們的利益而對國家進行的集體行動〞此一說明。此外，公民社會的概念具有其它特徵。正如AndersSjögren所說，民間社會可以被理解為是一種“社會領域 ; 此一社會領域內部的聯繫活動 ;它們的活動通常與國家或是民間議題有所關連。無論怎麼看，公民社會都會涵蓋不同類型的社團，這些社團都代表著社會中各種群體的利益，例如人權團體，婦女組織，社會和福利協會，學術俱樂部，工會等。公民社會不可免的會是一種具有多樣性和多元化的概念。
一方面，所有的社會內部都有各種不同的利益，這使得多樣性成為所有公民社會的共同內在特徵。另一方面，利益的強與弱也會使得公民社會的組成成員大不相同。為了理解每個公民社會的組成，人們也必須追溯該社會文化框架的樣貌，這些文化框架代表了在不同經濟，政治和社會制度之下運作的國內公民社會當時動態的原始型態。

Civil society is without doubts one of the most problematic terms to define in political science. It is a complex concept where different contents and features can be emphasized, and boundaries are blurred and impossible to stringently set up. The most general and common element of most of the definitions is that civil society is a realm between state and family. To be able to differentiate it from society in general, it is necessary to add that it is a public realm which contains “only citizens who act collectively in order to promote or defend their interests towards the state.” Furthermore, the concept can be based on different features. As Anders Sjögren put it, civil society could be understood, either as “a social sphere; associations within that sphere; their activities in relation to, e.g., the state; or a certain (civic) dimension of those activities.” No matter of what is chosen, civil society incorporates associations of different types which represent a great variety of interests within the society, such as human rights groups, women’s organizations, social and welfare associations, academic clubs, trade unions, etc. Civil society is inevitably a diverse and pluralistic concept. On the one hand, the variety of interests is intrinsic for all societies, and that makes diversity to be an intrinsic feature of civil society anywhere. On the other, various interests may be stronger or weaker, and civil societies thus may be very different in their compositions.
In order to understand the composition of each civil society one has to trace the contours of cultural frames that represent the archetypes of the current dynamics of domestic civil society sectors operating under different economic, political, and social regimes.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval Page……………………………………………………………………..……………i
Declaration by Candidate………………………………………………………………………iii
Endorsement……………………………………………………………………………...…….iv
Acknowledgments…………………..……………………………….………………….…...…...v
摘 要…………………………………………………………………..……………………….vi
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………....vii
Table of Content…………………………………………………………………………….…viii
Lists of Figures and Table……………………………………………………………………..xi
List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………………xiii
Abbreviations……...………………………………………………………………………..…...xiv
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………….…………………1
I. Research Motivation and Purpose………………………………………….…………………1
II. Research Question…………………………………………………………………………….19
III. Analytical Framework…………………………………………………….……………….24
IV. Research Method…………………………………………………….………………….…28
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK……………………………………….…..31
I. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….……31
II. System Approach of David Easton………………………………………………………….37
III. State and Society Relations…….……………………………………………….………….50
IV. Advocacy…………………………………………………………………………………….70
V. Civil Society and Donors…………………………………………………………………...74
VI. Power Relations…………………………………..………………………………………….79
VII. Civil Society Organizations and Government Relations………………………………….86
CHAPTER THREE: State-Society Relations in South Africa……………..………….101
I. Introduction………………………………………………………………………………...101
II. Fall of Apartheid…………………………………………………………………………..104
III. South Africa’s New Political Dispensation……………………………………………….108
IV. Civil Society Under Scrutiny ………………………………………………….…………111
CHAPTER FOUR: STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONS IN CHINA………………………..…118
I. China Under The Planned Economy……………………………………………………….118
II. Deng Xiaopeng Opens the Doors on China………………………………………………..125
III. CCP the Caretaker of State Stability…………………….………………………………..135
CHAPTER FIVE: CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS AND GOVERNMENT RELATIONS IN SOUTH AFRICA………………………………………………………….….……..……138
I. The primary status of CSOs………………………………………………………....….….…138
II. The legislative & policy environment for CSO……………………………….….….……141
III. Civil Society Backlash………………………………………………..……………….……149
IV. Deficiency in the Current Composition of CSOs. ……………………………..….……….169
CHAPTER SIX: CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS AND GOVERNMENT RELATIONS IN CHINA………………………………………………………………………….…………176
I. The primary status of CSO…………………………………………………………………176
II. The legislative & policy environment for CSO………………………………….………...186
III. Growth in Civil Society Organizations…………………….…………………..…………200
IV. Civil Society Under New Scrutiny..………………………….…………………..………212
V. Civil Society’s Space Narrowing ………………………………………………..………..226
CHAPTER SEVEN: EVALUATION………………………………………………..………237
I. State-Society Relations in China and South Africa……………………………….……….…237
II. Civil Society Organizations in China and South Africa…………………………………….246
CHAPTER EIGHT: Conclusion …………………………………………………….…………264
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………281

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Dissertations/Thesis/Academic Institution
Brass, Jennifer N., Surrogates for Government? NGOs and the State in Kenya. Dissertation,
University of California, Berkley. 2010.
Brown, Dyann, "The Effectiveness of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) within Civil Society." International Studies Masters. Paper 75, 2009
Fulda, Andrea, Re-conceptualizing China’s civil society sector, The University of Nottingham, Institut Français des Relations Internationales, China’s Stability at Risk: Economic, Social and Environmental Challenges, 26 January 2017
Harding, Joanne, Factors Influencing the Financial Sustainability of the Nonprofit Sector in South Africa, Master Thesis, Faculty of the Humanities University of Cape Town 2014
Häyhä, Laura, China’s Economic, Environmental and Social Development in Crossfire – Province-specific Analysis of China’s Ecological Modernization and Sustainability, Master thesis Sociology Faculty of Social Sciences University of Jyväskylä Autumn 2014
Islam, Carolyn A., Non-Governmental Organization Vulnerabilities: Donors and Resource Dependence, Claremont Colleges Thesis, 2016
Kim, Youngwan, The Unveiled power of NGOs: how NGOs influence states' foreign policy behaviors, University of Iowa Iowa Research Online, 2011
Malan, Pieter N., Civil society and the transformation of social security: Towards a performative conception of the right to have access to social security in South Africa. PhD thesis, University of Johannesburg, November 2007
Nthambelene B N, The role of civil society in sustaining democracy: A case study of the Soweto Civic Association, MA these, University of Johannesburg, June 1999
Nuñez, Jami Nelson, Citizens, Governments and NGOs: Is Three a Crowd? University of Colorado, Boulder, Summer 7-24-2014.
Perinova, Marie, Civil Society in Authoritarian Regime: The Analysis of China, Burma and Vietnam, Department of Political Science, Lund University
Vaughan-Games, Darcy, Systems Theory And Attitude Measurement In Political Science: As Applied To The Australian Accord. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The Australian National University, March 1987
Articles Presented at Conferences
Bailer, Stefanie, Thilo Bodenstein and V. Finn Heinrich, “What Make Civil Society Strong? Testing Bottom-up and Top-down Theories of a Vibrant Civil Society,” Paper to be presented at Conference of the Swiss Political Association, St. Gallen, 8-9 January 2009
Camay, Phiroshaw and Anne J. Gordon Civil Society as Advocate of Social Change in Pre- and Post-transition Societies: Building Sound Governance in South Africa, Co-operative for Research and Education (CORE) Johannesburg, South Africa, 2002
Cox, Laurence, 2013, “Changing the world without getting shot: how popular power can set limits to state violence”. Australia Study Centre for Peace and Conflict Resolution (eds), State of peace conference, Vienna/ Berlin: LTI-Verlag
Deng Guosheng, 2002/07/31 “Changes and development in mainland China’s NGOs since 1995 (1995 nian yilai dalu NGO de bianhua yu fazhan qushi).” Presented at the conference “Cross-Strait Symposium on NGOs – Transformation and Development of NGOs”, hosted by Himalaya Foundation, Taipei, pp. 29-31
Dolsak, Nives and Aseem Prakash, “Government Contractors as Civil Society?” Stanford Social Innovation Review, 9 November 2019, https://ssir.org/articles/entry/government_contractors_as_civil_society#
Fisher, Robert J., “Government Policies Towards NGOs in the Third World: Political Context and the Growth of Civil Society.” Presented at the 1995 Annual ARNOVA Conference, November, Cleveland
Habib, Adam, 2003/10/10. “State-Civil Society Relations in Post-Apartheid South Africa.” Randse Afrikaanse Universiteit Sociology. Anthropology and Development Studies Seminar, Johannesburg
Hadzi-Miceva, Katerina, 2007/10/25-26. “Legal and Institutional Mechanisms for NGO-Government Cooperation in Croatia, Estonia and Hungary”. Paper presented at the conference in Warsaw, ECNL and Institute for Public Affairs (IPA), Poland
Jara, Mazibuko and Sally Peberdy, 2010. “Taking Control: Civil Society Responses to the Violence of May 2008, South African Civil Society and Xenophobia, The Atlantic Philanthropies & Strategy and Tactics.” Synthesis compiled by The University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Nyar, Annsilla, 2010. “What Happened?’ A Narrative of the May 2008 Xenophobic Violence, South African Civil Society and Xenophobia.” The Atlantic Philanthropies & Strategy and Tactics, Synthesis compiled by The University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, 2010
Parsley, Jenny and David Everatt, 2010. Summary of Findings and Recommendations, South African Civil Society and Xenophobia, The Atlantic Philanthropies & Strategy and Tactics, Synthesis compiled by The University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa, 2010
Sjögren, Anders, 2001.” State, Civil Society and Democratisation: Theoretical Debates Past and Present, in Björn Beckman & Eva Hansson & Anders Sjögren, (eds.), Civil Society and Authoritarianism in the Third World.” A Conference Book. Stockholm: Department of Political Science of Stockholm University
Uhlin, Anders, 2001. “The Transnational Dimension of Civil Society: Migration and Independence Movements in Southeast Asia, in Björn Beckman & Eva Hansson & Anders Sjögren, (eds.), Civil Society and Authoritarianism in the Third World.” A Conference Book. Stockholm: Department of Political Science of Stockholm University
Government Papers/Working Papers
Civil Government Statistical Data for the First Quarter of 2005, Ministry of Civil Affairs (China). Website: http://www.mca.gov.cn/mztj/yuebao0503.html.
Charity Law of the People’s Republic of China, Translated by China Development Brief, http://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/China/1_ChinaCharity2016.pdf
Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, The State Council (Official English Website)
http://english.gov.cn/archive/laws_regulations/2014/08/23/content_281474982987458.htm
Communist Party of China and the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Zhonggong zhongyang zuzhibu, minzhengbu guanyu zai shehui tuanti jianli dangzuzhi wenti de tongzhi (Notice Regarding Establishing Party Organization in Social Organizations), 1998. Available at http://www.mca.gov.cn/wiylzx/detail.asp?id=3230&keyword, http://www.nh.gov.cn/005/001/012/003/1011524.html
Department Of Environmental Affairs And Tourism. People – Planet – Prosperity: A national framework for sustainable development in South Africa, 2008. Available at: http://www.environment.gov.za
Foundations Regulations, art 2. An unofficial English translation of the regulations is available on the website of the China Development Brief, http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com/node/301
Gough, Kristina, 2004. An overall assessment of conditions and possibilities available to civil Society and its organizations to act in China Emerging Civil Society in China. Department for co-operation with Non-Governmental Organizations and Humanitarian Assistance, Swedish Embassy in Beijing. Publish by Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, 2004
Griffin, Janice, and Ruth Judge, Civil Society Policy and Practice in Donor Agencies—An Overview Report Commissioned by DFID. Oxford, 2010, https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/aidco/images/a/ab/Donor_policy_and_practice_final_report_for_ext_circulation_mar_2010_(3).pdf
Lyons, Mark, “Nonprofit Sector and Civil Society: Are They Competing Paradigms?”, Centre for Australian Community Organizations and Management Working Paper 35, Sydney, 1996
Ministry of Civil Affairs, Shehui tuanti niandu jiancha zanxing banfa (Provisional Measures on Annual Review for Social Organizations, 2005; Ministry of Civil Affairs, Jijinhui niandu jiancha banfa (Measures of Annual Review for Foundations), 2005; and Ministry of Civil Affairs, Minban feiqiyi danwei niandu jiancha banfa (Measures on Annual Review for Popular Non-Enterprises Work Units Organizations), 2005
Nonprofit Organisations Act, 1997 (No. 71 of 1997). Republic of South Africa, Government Gazette, Available at http://www.ngopulse.org/sites/default/files/npo_act.pdf
Non-Profit Organisation Annual Reports. In Terms of the Nonprofit Organisations Act, 1997(Act No, 71 Of 1997) available at Department of Social Development website, http://www.dsd.gov.za/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=23&Itemid=39
Popular Non-Enterprise Work Units Provisional Regulations, art. 2. An unofficial English translation of the regulations is available on the website of the China Development Brief, http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com/node/300
Republic Of South Africa (RSA). South Africa’s troubles: A diagnosis. National Planning Commission. June 2011. Diagnostic Overview. Department: The Presidency Republic of South Africa, 2011
Salamon, Lester M. 2002. ‘Explaining Nonprofit Advocacy: An Exploratory Analysis.’ Centre for Civil Society Studies Working Paper Series, The John Hopkins University Institute for Policy Studies, 2002, p. 21
Salamon, Lester M. and S. Wojciech Sokolowski, Megan Haddock and Helen S. Tice, The state of global civil society and volunteering: Latest findings from the implementation of the UN nonprofit handbook, 2013. (Comparative Nonprofit Sector Working Paper #49).
Wang Maya, Liu GuoHan and JunYang He, 2001. Reform of China’s Social Organizations: from governmental preference to social preference (Zhongguo shetuan gaige: cong zhengfu xuanze dao shehui xuanze), Beijing, Social Science Works Publishing Agency, 2001, p.172.
Yearbook of China’s Civil Affairs for 1999, The, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, China Social Publishing House.
Government Acts/Laws/Policies
Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China, http://www.china.org.cn/english/government/207336.htm
China State Constitution of English-language text of the 1982 and its subsequent amendments, available at http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html
Land Act of 1913, South African Department of Rural Development, http://www.ruraldevelopment.gov.za/phocadownload/1913/nativelandact27of1913.pdf
Law of the People’s Republic of China on Administration of Activities of Overseas Nongovernmental Organizations in the Mainland of China, The China NGO Project, http://www.chinafile.com/ngo/laws-regulations/law-of-peoples-republic-of-china-administration-of-activities-of-overseas
Law on The Red Cross of 1993, Official Chinese Government English Translation of Laws, http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/12/content_1383814.htm
Protected Disclosures Amendment Act 5 of 2017, South African Department of Justice, http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/2017-005.pdf
Shehui tuanti dengji guanli tiaoli (Regulations for the Registration and management of Social Organizations, hereinafter Social Organizations Regulations), 1998; Jijinhui guanli tiaoli (Regulations for the Management of Foundations, hereinafter Foundations Regulations), 2004; and Minban feiqiye danwei dengji guanli zanxing tiaoli (Provisional Regulations for the Registration and Management of Popular Non-Enterprises Work Units, hereinafter Popular Non-Enterprise Work Units Provisional Regulations), 1998
Social Organizations Regulations, Art. 2. An unofficial English translation of the regulations is available on the website of the China Development Brief, http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com/node/298
Social Organizations Regulations Art 6. Foundations Regulations Art. 6 and Popular Non-enterprise Work Units Provisional Regulations Art. 5. http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com/node/298
Trust Law of 2001, Official Chinese Government English Translation of Laws, http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/10/content_1383444.htm
Government Media Statements
General Office of the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee 2013, ‘Communiqué on the current state of the ideological sphere’, http://www.chinafile.com/document-9- chinafile-translation
Mahlobo, David, “Press Comments: Minister of State Security David Mahlobo”. National Assembly, Cape Town, 16 May 2017
Xi, Jinping 2015/05/11, ‘Xi Jinping lun fazhi: “dangda haishi fada” shi wei mingti, shi zhengzhi xianjing’ (Xi Jinping on rule of law: “greater authority of the law versus greater authority of the Party” is a false proposition and political trap’, http://cpc.people.com.cn/xuexi/n/2015/0511/c385475-26978527.html
Newspapers Articles
BBC 2017/09/12, ‘Lee Ming-che: Taiwanese activist goes on trial in China’, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-41222940
Beijing Youth Daily, 2016/04/28. “Ministry of Civil Affairs Names Fake Associations, Some on List Cry Foul,” http://news.china.com/domesticgd/10000159/20160428/22537026.html
China Daily, 2005/02/20. “Building Harmous Society CPC’s Top Task,” http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-02/30/content.417718.htm
China Charity Federation Daily, 201712/11. “Staunch the Impact of ‘Fake Associations,’ Get Back to Original Intent,” http://www.chinafile.com/ngo/analysis/policy-analysis-chinas-civil-society-organizations
China Philanthropy Times, 2016/09/04. “Charity Law Took Effect September 1; Here Are the Supporting Regulations,” http://www.chinafile.com/ngo/analysis/policy-analysis-chinas-civil-society-organizations
De Vos, Pierre, 2011.11/19, ‘Mail & Guardian case raises difficult questions,’ Constitutionally Speaking, http://constitutionallyspeaking.co.za/mail-guardian-case-raises-difficult-questions/.
De Wet, Phillip, 2012/07/27, ‘M&G faces charges over Mac Maharaj,’ Mail & Guardian, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-07-26-mg-faces-charges-over-mac-maharaj.
Donnelley, Lynley, 2017/11/25. “Global credit ratings agency has downgraded South Africa to junk status.” Mail & Guardian, https://mg.co.za/article/2017-11-25-global-credit-ratings-agency-has-downgraded-south-africa-to-junk-status
French, Howard W., 2007/02/15. “Citizens Groups Take Root Across China.” New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/15/world/asia/15ngos.html
Gqirana, Thulani 2016/04/24, Some NGOs are security agents of foreign forces – News 24, https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/some-ngos-are-security-agents-of-foreign-forces-mahlobo-20160426
Harber, Anton, 2011/11/29 ‘All things considered, 2011 was a rigorous and vigorous year,’ Business Day, http://www.bdlive.co.za/articles/2011/12/29/anton-harber-all-things-considered-2011-was-a-rigorousand-vigorous-year.
Horton, Chris and Buckley, Chris, 2017/05/29 ‘China charges activist from Taiwan with “subverting state power”’, New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/29/world/asia/taiwan-china-activist-lee-mingcheh.html.
Kahn, Joseph, 2007/07/11, “China Shuts Down Western-Run Newsletter,” New York Times,
Li Q. and Yin R., 2015/10/1. “68 Civil Society Organizations on suspect list,” Nanfang Daily, October 13, 2015.
Mac Maharaj, 2012/09/03, ‘This is why M&G must be charged,’ Mail & Guardian, http://mg.co.za/article/2012-08-03-00-mac-maharaj-this-is-why-mg-must-be-charged.
Mo, Jihong, 2017/04/14, ‘Goujian yi guojia anquan fa wei hexin de guojia anquan fulü tixi’ (Constructing a state security legal system centring on the national security law), Guangming Daily, http://epaper.gmw.cn/gmrb/html/2017- 04/14/nw.D110000gmrb_20170414_4-03.htm
Paper, The, 2017/12/25. “‘Birthday Buddies’ Online Fundraiser Suspended, Shenzhen Civil Affairs Speaks with Ai You [Foundation] and Continues Investigation,” http://news.163.com/17/1225/20/D6HDI7P0000187VE.html
Phillips, Tom, 2016/01/20, ‘Swedish activist Peter Dahlin paraded on China state TV for scripted confession', The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jan/20/swedish-activist-peter-dahlinparaded-on-china-state-tv-for-scripted-confession
Pillay, Verashni, 2011/11/18, ‘Back to black,’ Mail & Guardian, http://mg.co.za/article/2011-11-18-backto-black/.
Sapa, 2011/18/11, “Mail & Guardian ‘censored,’” IOL News, November 18, 2011, http://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/mailguardian-censored-1.1181232#.UXppVrWjSSo.
Sina Comprehensive, 2017/10/10. “Tsinghua Professor: Three Open Information Platforms Key to Launch of Charity Law,” Southern Metropolis Daily, http://finance.sina.com.cn/review/hgds/2017-10-10/doc-ifymrcmm9781862.shtml.
Xinhua News Agency, 2007/03/07. “Top Chinese leaders Join Panel Discussion,” http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aarticle/subject/lhsessions/lanmud/200703/2007030444678.html
Xinhua, 2012/03/20. “Number of NGOs in China grows to nearly 500,000”, China Daily http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2012-03/20/content_14875389.htm
Yardley, Jim, 2005/12/26. “Seeking a Public Voice on China’s ‘Angry River””, New York Times,
Zhu, 2017. “15 Legitimate Activities Added to ‘Suspect List,’” Xinhua, May 11, 2017
Electronic Resources
Accountable now admin. “About.” Accountable Now, Feb. 2018 https://accountablenow.org/aboutaccountable-now/
Amnesty International, Russia: Agents of The People: Four Years Of “Foreign Agents” Law In Russia: Consequences For The Society, 18 November 2016, Index number: EUR 46/5147/2016, https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur46/5147/2016/en/
Asia for Educators, The Meiji Restoration and Modernization, http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/japan_1750_meiji.htm.
BDO, 2016/08/12/ “Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in today’s society.” https://www.bdo.co.za/en-za/insights/2016/audit-insight/non-governmental-organisations-play-a-significant-role-in-todays-society#sthash.unWVqJAX.dpuf
Beijing News, 2016/08/30. “National Civil Society Organization Management Administration Established, Illegal Organizations Will Be Banned.” http://www.chinafile.com/ngo/analysis/policy-analysis-chinas-civil-society-organizations
Brechenmacher, Saskia, 2017/05/18, Civil Society Under Assault: Repression and Responses in Russia, Egypt, and Ethiopia, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/05/18/civil-society-under-assault-repression-and-responses-in-russia-egypt-and-ethiopia-pub-69953
Brookings Institute, 2016/12/06. “NGOs in China: What’s the state of non-state actors today?“ https://www.brookings.edu/events/ngos-in-china-whats-the-state-of-non-state-actors-today/
Brown, Jeremy, 2004, "Terrible Honeymoon: Struggling with the Problem of Terror in Early 1950s China.", https://web.archive.org/web/20090627092313/http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/pgp/jeremy50sessay.htm
Bullain, Nilda., 2007. “Learning points from the National Civil Fund in Hungary.” NENO, Infoleht nr. 3-4 http://www.ecnl.org/dindocuments/212_Learning%20points%20from%20the%20NCF%20Hungary.pdf
BusinessTech, 2016/05/16, South Africa’s unemployment rate vs the world, https://businesstech.co.za/news/general/125145/south-africas-unemployment-rate-vs-the-world/
Cai, Yongshun, 2017/02/17. “Managing NGOs in China. Online magazine of the University of Nottingham Asia Research Institute.” The Asia Dialogue, http://theasiadialogue.com/2017/02/17/managing-ngos-in-china/
Child, K., 2013/01/28. “Big back track on NGOs.” Times Live, www.timeslive.co.za.
Chin, Josh, 2016/04/28, ‘China gives police broad powers over foreign nonprofits’, http://www.wsj.com/articles/china-passes-law-clamping-down-on-foreign-ngos1461853978.
China Development Brief, 2017/09/26, The first year of the Charity Law summed up, http://www.chinadevelopmentbrief.cn/news/one-year-since-chinas-charity-law-came-into-force-who-got-effected-by-the-law/
China Labour Bulletin, 2007/12/14, Reform of State-owned enterprises in China, https://clb.org.hk/en/content/reform-state-owned-enterprises-china#9b
China News Service, 2017/11/10. “City of Beijing Complies with Law, Bans Several Illegal Civil Society Organizations ‘Involved with Military,’” China News Service, http://www.chinafile.com/ngo/analysis/policy-analysis-chinas-civil-society-organizations
Chinese Posters, Jiang Zemin Theory, https://chinesepos