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博碩士論文 etd-0126121-144037 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0126121-144037
論文名稱
Title
臺灣離岸風力發電發展與既有海域使用間潛在調和策略之研究
A Study on the Potential Harmonization Strategies between Offshore Wind Power Developments and Existing Maritime Utilization in Taiwan
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
149
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2021-01-25
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2021-02-26
關鍵字
Keywords
離岸風電、生態、航運、調和、漁業、海域使用
Maritime Utilization, Offshore Wind Power (OWP), Harmolization, Fisheries, Ecology, Shipping
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 436 次,被下載 63
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 436 times, has been downloaded 63 times.
中文摘要
自1990年代起丹麥建立全球首座商用離岸風場後,離岸風電即成為一項新興海上使用方式。離岸風電佔用陸地面積少且同時具再生能源的特性,在地狹人稠且提倡使用綠電的臺灣,成為一種得以一舉多得的電力來源。
然而,對於既存的海域使用,離岸風場的建立與劃設勢必影響舊有使用,我國於發展離岸風電時,與航運、生態、漁業、沿岸社區居民等海域使用者造成了衝擊。場址與南北慣用航道或天然氣船隻航道重疊,使得數個場址無法開發或開發面積遭切除,影響開發商開發意願,甚至使開發案遭退回。白海豚保育議題為離岸風電發展時最受熱議之生態議題,即便規範已訂定,風場的開發仍為環保團體所擔憂。風場對於漁民的衝擊更為明顯,國內於苗栗、彰化、雲林等地皆出現漁民對於漁業權受到排擠、漁業補償標準無法真正補貼到需要的漁民等議題,抗議離岸風電開發之事件。離岸風場的安裝與運轉對於沿岸社區居民的生活可能造成各式影響,如噪音汙染或生態干擾,部分居民對於環評流程上對於沿岸社區意見之蒐集方式有所異議,缺乏民意對風場開發計畫的支持將對環評結果造成影響等。
本研究以日本、中國、美國、德國做為國外案例研究對象,彙整各國發展離岸風電時與航運、生態、漁業、沿岸社區民眾層面之調和案例,藉由比較各國與我國之實踐,並考量我國之物理及人文條件,探究我國未來發展離岸風場之潛在調和作為。研究發現,在眾多國家案例中,中國之離岸風電發展在各層面皆無調和作為出現,僅透過發布最新海域空間區劃文件安排各海域使用之優先序。在其他國家中,航運與離岸風電並無調和之實踐,且多為離岸風場禮讓航道使用;生態與離岸風電之調和作為以建立完整之環評監測系統並提高對資訊之掌握度為核心發展出各種減少生態衝擊之手段;漁業調和作為之共通處為建立促進漁民與開發商之間溝通管道之平台;社區居民調和層面,皆藉由提供民眾完整的發聲管道並提出社區振興計畫等方式,力求建立社區對於離岸風電的理解與認同。
本研究建議我國未來在各種使用調和層面能借鑑前述各國之實踐成果,透過多元管道建立民眾對於離岸風電的理解,並持續尋求離岸風電與漁業在技術上及法律上共同使用的可能性,在可行的範圍內創造使用間之共同最大利益。
Abstract
Since the first commercial-scale offshore wind farm commissioned in Denmark in the 1990s, offshore wind power (OWP) has become one of the emerging new utilization in the ocean. The characteristics of fewer land uses and renewable energy in nature make OWP a potentially sound power source in Taiwan, a highly populated and green energy-preferable island nation.
Nonetheless, the development and planning of offshore wind farms (OWFs) inevitably bring impacts, or even conflicts, to existing ocean utilizations, such as shipping, ecology, fishery, and the traditional uses of coastal communities. The reduction or even cancellation of OWF sites resulted from overlapping with traditional shipping lanes impairs the willingness of the developers to continue their development projects, or even results in the rejection of these projects. Meanwhile, the conservation of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins has been the most trending topic in terms of OWP development. Although relevant regulations have been adopted by Taiwanese government, many environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) still concern this issue. Furthermore, impacts of OWF develoements are particularly evident to the fishery industry. Protests from fishermen against the infringement of their fishing rights and the injustice of current compensation regulation and criteria have occurred in Miaoli, Changhua, and Yunlin in Taiwan. In addition, the construction and operation of OWFs may cause various interferences to coastal communities, such as noise pollution and local ecology disturbance. Some local residents do not recognize the approach of how the feedbacks are collected designed in the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process. Lacking public supports could also lead to a negative EIA result to an OWP project.
This study examines existing practices of harmonization means between OWP and existing maritime utilization in other OWP-developed or OWP-developing States, including Japan, China, United States, and Germany. By comparing existing practices between these States and Taiwan, along with considering the specialties of Taiwan’s physical and cultural conditions, this study aims to develop potential harmonization strategies for the furture development of OWFs in Taiwan. Among these States, the government of China arranges prioritizes maritime utilization in accordance with the latest published marine spatial planning document without any harmonization strategies. For other States, it is no existing practices regarding the harmonization of shipping and OWP, and shipping may enjoy higher priority than OWP in some case. The harmonization between ecology and OWP focuses on the establishment of a comprehensive monitoring system for environmental assessments and improve the ability to collect and analyze informationin in order to develop various mitigation measures against ecological impacts. The common practice regarding the harmonization between fisheries and OWP is to establish a clear and open communication channel between OWP developers and fishermen. Finally, the harmonization practices between OWP and coastal communities include providing sufficient channels for coastal communities to present their opions as well as revitalization plans for the coastal communities to obtain the understanding and recognition of these communities to OWP.
In conclusion, this study suggests that Taiwan should learn the above-mentioned existing practices from these States for its reference, including establishing various measures to facilitate the understanding of publics to OWP, and continuing the study on the technical and legal possibility for the co-existence between fishery and OWP so as to create the maximum common between OWP development and existing maritime utilization stakeholders.
目次 Table of Contents
論文審定書 i
謝辭 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract v
目錄 vii
圖次 ix
表次 x
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究緣起 2
第二節 研究問題與目的 12
第三節 研究方法 13
第四節 研究流程 15
第五節 研究範圍與限制 16
第二章 離岸風電之發展歷史 17
第一節 風力發電與離岸風電 17
第二節 各國離岸風電發展現況 23
第三節 結語 35
第三章 離岸風電在臺灣的發展歷程 37
第一節 臺灣離岸風力發電之相關政策沿革 37
第二節 臺灣離岸風力發電之開發現況 46
第三節 臺灣離岸風力發電與其他利益相關方面臨之使用衝突 52
第四節 臺灣離岸風力發電與面臨使用衝突之應對 60
第五節 結語 63
第四章 其他國家離岸風電發展過程中調和使用之案例研究 66
第一節 日本發展離岸風力發電之經驗 66
第二節 中國發展離岸風力發電之經驗 75
第三節 美國發展離岸風力發電之經驗 78
第四節 德國發展離岸風力發電之經驗 88
第五節 結語 98
第五章 討論 104
第一節 各國策略對調和機制之影響 104
第二節 案例各國調和實踐對我國調和策略之意涵 109
第六章 結論與建議 116
第一節 結論 116
第二節 後續研究建議 118
參考文獻 120
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李曉東,「中國風電政策的地方執行探討:以江蘇省和廣東省為例」,國立臺灣大學社會科學院公共事務研究所碩士論文,二○一七年一月。
周鹏,「宁德霞浦海上风电场规划区域与船舶习惯航路的冲突分析」,集美大學工程碩士專業學位論文,二○一九年六月。
許晟睿,「地理資訊技術應用於海岸區劃:以彰化海岸為例」,國立成功大學海洋科技與事務研究所學位論文,二○一六年。
陳璿文,「我國離岸風電發展所涉海域使用爭議之研究」,國立中山大學海洋事務研究所碩士論文,二○一九年七月。
鄭淑華,「整合性海岸管理架構下多功能離岸風田發展之研究」,國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系碩士論文,二○○八年。
雜誌
吳文騰,「臺灣的能源概況」,科學發展,第457期(二○一一年一月),頁123至頁126,於頁123。
林全能,「我國能源情勢與能源政策之發展」,綠基會通訊,第42期(2015年12月),頁10至頁16。
陳中舜,「臺灣風電產業的回顧與展望」,經濟前瞻,第179 期,頁117至頁122。
報章媒體
Money DJ,「離岸風電謠言多,真相為何?」,財訊,二○二○年一月二十六日,https://www.wealth.com.tw/home/articles/24055
尹俞歡,「風機製造大國德國首座離岸風場 為什麼比鄰國遲到6年?」,風傳媒,二○一七年五月三十一日,https://www.storm.mg/article/273091
尹俞歡,「海洋風場施工未派鯨豚觀察員違環評承諾 環團憂恐致白海豚聽力受損」,風傳媒,二○一九年七月十五日,https://www.storm.mg/article/1487410
王之杰,「他,改寫全球風電史 丹麥「特有種」的車庫創業傳奇」,今周刊,二○一九年八月七日,https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/154769/post/201908070015/
王长尧,「浙江舟山:普陀6号海上风电场2区工程将投运」,中国能源报,二○一九年三月二十五日,http://www.cnenergynews.cn/xny_183/fd/201903/t20190328_753830.html
王玉樹,「首座離岸風場 拚年底前商轉」,中國時報,二○一九年十月六日,https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20191006000529-260110?chdtv
王峻峰,「江苏省海上风电规划面临调整」,中国能源网,二○一一年四月二日,https://www.china5e.com/news/news-167422-1.html
龙源振华,「龙源江苏大丰(H7)200MW海上风电项目圆满收官」,北极星风力发电网,二○一九年四月十五日,http://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20190415/974674.shtml
台灣再生能源推動聯盟,「【綠能真相知多少】『離岸風電花2兆』是怎麼算出來的?都被外商賺走了嗎?」,關鍵評論網,二○一九年十二月十一日,https://www.thenewslens.com/article/128553
吳欣紜,「離岸風機闖關環評 環團呼籲勿變血色電力」,中央通訊社,二○一八年一月十七日,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/201801170236.aspx
呂欣怡、劉如意,「《能怎麼轉》書摘 離岸風力發電設置過程的社會爭議與化解機制」,公民新聞,二○一七年九月二十七日,https://www.peopo.org/news/347223
李文華,「航道拓寬阻礙風電發展 彰縣向中央反映」,民視新聞,二○一七年八月二十五日,https://www.ftvnews.com.tw/AMP/News_Amp.aspx?id=2017825C07M1
周妤靜,「請勿驚擾鯨豚 離岸風電商『有做,但沒做好』的水下噪音監控」,環境資訊中心,二○一九年十一月十八日,https://e-info.org.tw/node/220805
林吉洋,「風電引發海上衝突!雲林漁民控施工破壞漁場,駕船阻擋,風電公司組艦隊護航對峙」,上下游News&Market(新聞市集),二○二○年七月九日,https://www.newsmarket.com.tw/blog/133870/
林志跃、党媛,「中国电建天津南港海上风电项目首批机组并网发电」,中国电建,二○一八年六月二十八日,http://news.bjx.com.cn/html/20180628/909005.shtml
孫文臨,「反離岸風機毀傳統漁場 雲林漁民:請風場退出,我們不要補償」,環境資訊中心,二○二○年八月十四日,https://e-info.org.tw/node/226272
張存薇,「富山保育區今起收費 4月起禁餵魚」,自由時報,二○一八年二月三日,https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/Taitung/breakingnews/2331308
張家豪,「航道拓寬削減離岸風電容量 航港局:為航安必須做」,中時電子報,二○一七年八月二十五日,https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20170825003420-260405?chdtv
張軒哲,「〈中部〉還我漁場! 台中港漁民再度抗議」,自由時報,二○一六年五月十九日,https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/local/paper/991230
張裕珍,「離岸風力發電機組將施工 漁民抗議」,聯合影音網,二○一五年六月十二日,https://video.udn.com/news/329436
梁啟源,「學者觀點-全國能源會議的回顧與展望」,工商時報,二○一四年五月十二日,https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20140512000048-260210?chdtv
莊曉萍,「【離岸風電】彰化海域生物多樣性高 水試所:持續監測、並進行海藻船研究促轉型」,農傳媒,二○一九年四月十二日,https://agriharvest.tw/archives/18565
許展溢,「〈北部〉後龍反設離岸風電 說明會火爆」,自由時報,二○一六年八月十九日,https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/local/paper/1023153
陳文姿,「『敗部復活』訴願成功 福海離岸風機重啟環評」,環境資訊中心,二○一九年三月十四日,https://e-info.org.tw/node/216946
陳文姿,「海峽27、28號離岸風場鳥類影響調查 撞擊分析:4月機率最高」,環境資訊中心,二○一九年六月十二日,https://e-info.org.tw/node/218518
陳文姿,「離岸風電首罰 打樁未派觀察船護鯨豚 環保署重罰150萬」,環境資訊中心,二○一九年九月十二日,https://e-info.org.tw/node/220014
陳文敏,「上緯新能源 開創全新的漁港文化」,大紀元,2020年10月31日,https://www.epochtimes.com/b5/20/10/31/n12515984.htm
陳芃,「許一個優質的發展環境——再生能源立法及推廣工作」,能源報導,二○○二年十一月五日,https://energymagazine.tier.org.tw/Cont.aspx?CatID=32&ContID=274
陳鷖人,「全台首座商業規模離岸風場 開發啟動」,工商時報,二○一八年四月二十七日,https://m.ctee.com.tw/dailynews/20180427/a04aa4/890563
黃佩君,「福海風電進度慢 獎勵資格取消」,自由時報,二○一八年一月二十日,https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1170228
黃鈺婷,「離岸風電時代的漁業轉型 合理金錢補償外還能怎麼做?」,環境資訊中心,二○一九年十一月十八日,https://e-info.org.tw/node/220925
楊綿傑,「航道問題成關鍵 臺海桃園離岸風電開發案遭退回」,自由時報,二○一七年十二月二十六日,https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/2294224
葉素萍,「東西吉廊道禁漁區議題 政院記者會激辯」,中央社,二○一七年十二月十三日,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/201712130156.aspx
雷成、黄豫、潘旭东、陈泽兴,「南方区域分布式电源前景几何?」,南方电网报,二○二○年六月八日,http://www.chinasmartgrid.com.cn/news/20200608/635822.shtml
廖禹揚,「台電示範風場 楊德諾日立團隊得標」,中央社,二○一八年二月十三日,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/afe/201802130265.aspx
管瑞平,「憂風力發電影響生計 漁民出海抗議」,中央社,二○一五年五月二十三日,https://www.cna.com.tw/news/asoc/201505230248.aspx
劉曉欣,「〈中部〉離岸風力發電施工 80艘漁船抗議」,自由時報,二○一五年七月二十八日,http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/local/paper/901562/
蔡潔凡,「漁電雙贏!全台三處離岸風場海域結合牡蠣養殖」,新頭殼newtalk,二○一八年七月二十六日https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2018-07-26/132917
鄧惠珍,「海上施工捕嘸漁 漁民抗議」,蘋果日報,二○一五年七月二十七日,http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20150727/655965/
鄭鴻達,「風電區塊開發方式 還在喬」,經濟日報,二○一九年八月二十日,https://money.udn.com/money/story/5612/4000677
賴世杰,「『海洋風電』施工噪音大 外埔漁港居民苦」,公視新聞網,二○一九年六月五日,https://news.pts.org.tw/article/433733
賴品瑀,「彰化近岸風機 兩業者通過環評大會 環團憂白海豚滅絕倒數」,環境資訊中心,二○一七年十二月十三日,https://e-info.org.tw/node/209012
瞿剑,「我国首座海上风电站成功并网发电」,科技日报,二○○七年十一月三十日,http://tech.sina.com.cn/d/2007-11-30/09231884005.shtml
法律文件
中國國家能源局,「风电发展“十三五”规划」,二○一六年十一月。
全國法規資料庫,「再生能源發展條例」。
全國法規資料庫,「離岸風力發電示範獎勵辦法」。
全國法規資料庫,「漁業法」。
全國法規資料庫,「環境影響評估法」。
全國法規資料庫,「環境影響評估法施行細則」。
江蘇省人民政府,「江苏省海洋功能区划」,二○一二年十月。
行政院經濟部,「永續能源政策綱領(核定本)」,二○一七年八月。
行政院農業委員會漁業署,離岸式風力發電廠漁業補償基準。
海洋委員會海洋保育署,「臺灣鯨豚觀察員制度作業手冊」,二○二○年二月。
經濟部,「第一階段設置離岸式風力發電廠方案」。
經濟部能源局,「離岸風力發電規劃場址申請作業要點」。
經濟部能源局,「離岸風力發電規劃場址申請作業要點」附件一。
經濟部能源局,「離岸風力發電規劃場址容量分配作業要點」。
經濟部能源局,「中華民國一百零一年度再生能源電能躉購費率」及其計算公式附表二
經濟部能源局,「風力發電4年推動計畫(核定本)」,二○一七年八月。
網路資料
上緯控股,「與南龍區漁會簽署『海洋竹南離岸式風力發電計畫漁業經濟合作備忘錄』」,最新消息,二○一五年四月二日,http://www.swancor.com/tw/news.php?act=view&no=53
上緯新能源,海洋風力發電,場址介紹,http://www.swancor.com/tw/project.php?act=placelist
中国可再生能源信息网,「我国大功率海上风电机组研发、完成情况」,二○一四年八月二十一日,http://www.cnrec.info/xw/fn/2014-08-21-3115.html
中國國家能源局,「國家發展改革委出台海上風電價格政策」,二○一四年六月二十日,http://www.nea.gov.cn/2014-06/20/c_133422796.htm
中國國家能源局,「廣東裝機容量最大的海上風電項目併網發電」,二○一九年十一月六日,http://www.nea.gov.cn/2019-11/06/c_138526606.htm
內政部戶政司,主題資訊,人口政策及統計資料,人口統計資料庫,人口統計資料,「土地面積及人口密度」,https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/portal/346
王梅玲,「比較研究Comparative research」,圖書館學與資訊科學大辭典,二○一二年十月,國家教育研究院雙語詞彙、學術名詞暨辭書資訊網,http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1679273/
台電綠網,亮點作為,「離岸風電」,https://greennet.taipower.com.tw/Page_WindPower/0
华能江苏清能,「喜报!华能大丰一期300MW海上风电场正式并网运行!」,能见源之新,二○一九年九月三十日,https://www.nengapp.com/news/detail/3427681
华锐风电,新聞動態,公司新聞,「华能荣成海上风电项目首批两台3MW海上及潮间带风电机组整体安装成功」,二○一六年六月十五日,http://www.sinovel.com/content/?157.html
行政院,《電業法》修法—發展綠能,啟動國家能源轉型,行政院重要政策,https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/5A8A0CB5B41DA11E/2ae8bfb8-6014-49d1-b04e-75374fbd6096
行政院,「104年1月26日毛院長出席『全國能源會議全體大會開幕典禮』」,行政院新聞,https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/AF73D471993DF350/a3552c49-9113-4346-a54f-8c444e362d5e
行政院,「江揆:核四停工並非停建 為下一代保留一個選擇權,並儘速召開全國能源會議」,行政院新聞,https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/9277F759E41CCD91/1d3900f1-2b2c-4011-8eac-b051bd4292f4
行政院內政部營建署,「海岸管理審議會第 19 次會議紀錄」,二○一八年十二月二十一日,https://www.cpami.gov.tw//filesys/file/chinese/committee/apc/1070821008.pdf
行政院交通部,業務概況,港埠,https://www.motc.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=727&parentpath=0,1,717
行政院海岸巡防署(今海洋委員會海岸巡防署),「94年度工作年報」,二○○六年五月。
行政院海洋委員會海洋保育署,「海洋保護區介紹」,二○二○年九月四日,https://www.oca.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=38&parentpath=0,5
行政院國家科學委員會,「行政院國家科學委員會執行『能源國家型科技計畫第一期程(2009~2013) 目前執行內容與成效』專案報告」,立法院,http://www.taiwan921.lib.ntu.edu.tw/mypdf/twnen2013.pdf
行政院農業委員會漁業署,民國106年(2017)漁業統計年報。
行政院農業委員會漁業署,民國108年(2019)漁業統計年報。
行政院農業委員會漁業署,我國沿近海漁業發展沿革、現況及面臨問題,二○一三年,https://www.fa.gov.tw/cht/ResourceCoastal/content.aspx?id=5&chk=af5a764c-b0b6-4feb-83c8-519b8a083244&param
呂威賢,「再生能源:風的故事–從風車到風力機」,科技大觀園,https://scitechvista.nat.gov.tw/c/s2Jr.htm
李君禮,離岸風電推動現況與展望,行政院第3651次會議,二○一九年五月六日,https://www.ey.gov.tw/File/11A5C30CA17A5735?A=C
沃旭能源,海洋風電,https://orsted.tw/zh/Orsted-in-Taiwan/Our-projects/Formosa-1
沈聖峰,「台灣附近海域的海洋生物多樣性為世界上最高的區域」,http://biodiv.ntu.edu.tw/biodivctr/upload/article/011.htm
周蓮香等人,「中華白海豚族群生態與食餌棲地監測」,104 年度行政院農業委員會林務局委託研究計畫,104 林發-07.2-保-21,二○一六年一月三十一日,https://conservation.forest.gov.tw/File.aspx?fno=62336
林祥輝,「日本風力發電協會提出推廣離岸風力的建議,提高2030年開發目標至10 GW,發電成本目標為8~9日元/度(約新台幣2.2~2.4元/度)」,能源知識庫,https://km.twenergy.org.tw/Data/share?06b3nkX6+mQ4tIKIIj43iw==
邵廣昭,「台灣是海洋生物多樣性之島」,國家地理中文網,二○一五年三月二十六日,https://www.natgeomedia.com/environment/article/content-5094.html
風力發電單一服務窗口,法規政策,【交通部航港局預定公告】臺灣彰化外海岸風電潛力場址海域預定航道座標點及示意圖,https://www.twtpo.org.tw/news_show.aspx?category_id=160&cat_id=161&id=3226
風力發電單一服務窗口,離岸規劃場址專區,https://www.twtpo.org.tw/gas.aspx
風電之家,「帶你走進中廣核如東海上風電場」,每日頭條,二○一七年二月十八日
張秀美,「臺灣綠色電能發展的歷程與探討」,http://www.nepii.tw/download/a29.pdf
黃藍逸,「德國離岸風力發電產業聚落分析」,經濟部技術處ITIS計畫成果,頁1,https://www.mirdc.org.tw/FileDownLoad/IndustryNews/2014612145837886.pdf
楊志清,離岸風電產業供應鏈在地化推動,二○一九年四月二十五日,https://gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/GOWST-Chih-Ching-Yang-Industrial-Development-Bureau-ZH.pdf
經濟部工業局,「離岸風力發電產業政策」,二○一八年一月十八日。
經濟部能源局,「7家開發商 (10個離岸風場)為離岸風電遴選獲選業者分於109 年完成738MW、110-114 年3098MW建置」,二○一八年四月三十日,https://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/populace/news/News.aspx?kind=1&menu_id=41&news_id=15003
經濟部能源局,「離岸風電與環境生態並重 經濟部落實白海豚保育措施」,即時新聞澄清,二○一九年六月十日,https://www.moea.gov.tw/MNS/populace/news/News.aspx?kind=9&menu_id=22333&news_id=84975
經濟部能源局,再生能源發展條例修正草案總說明,https://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/populace/news/wHandNews_File.ashx?file_id=2347
經濟部能源局、交通部航港局,「離岸風電與航行安全共存」第二次座談會會議簡報,二○一七年一月,http://www.ct-sailing.org.tw/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&task=download&id=233_261a86e3b0556ffdadb035498c3dddfe&Itemid=1178
經濟部能源局再生能源資訊網,「離岸風電與觀光、漁業之競合 以美國Block島風場為例」,焦點專欄,二○一九年七月十九日,https://www.re.org.tw/knowledge/more.aspx?cid=201&id=2976
經濟部離岸風電知識網,第二期能源國家型科技計畫,「離岸風力與陸域風力的差別」,http://www.nepii.tw/KM/OWE/index.html
詹羑律,「【潔能講堂】離岸風電與社區共好」網路影片,https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AT4L-VVDYKA
蔡英文 Tsai Ing-wen,二○一七年,「現在全台的電力供應已經漸漸恢復正常。」,Facebook貼文,二○一七年八月十五日,https://www.facebook.com/tsaiingwen/posts/10154523418426065
潘美玲,「風力發電專題報導(四):保持距離永保安康:大型風力發電機的環境風險」,科技大觀園,https://scitechvista.nat.gov.tw/c/sk5W.htm
歷史哥澄清唬,二○一九年,「2020大選12/25第二場總統候選人電視政見發表會逐字稿」,Facebook貼文,二○一九年八月十五日,https://www.facebook.com/notes/684189958778134/

日文文獻
法律文件
電子政府の総合窓口,海洋再生可能エネルギー発電設備の整備に係る海域の利用の促進に関する法律(平成三十年法律第八十九号)。
電子政府の総合窓口,漁業法(昭和二十四年法律第二百六十七号)。
網路資料
一般社団法人海洋產業研究会,洋上風力発電と漁業協調・地域振興について,二零一八年十二月,https://www.rioe.or.jp/201812.pdf
上田悅紀,「世界における洋上風力発電の動向と国内の現状について」,第23次福岡縣區域能源政策研究小組,二○一九年三月一日。
北海道せたな町,日本初洋上風車風海鳥全体図,https://www.town.setana.lg.jp/kazamidori/article30.html
長崎県五島市,五島市海洋エネルギー Goto Ocean Energy,http://www.env.go.jp/en/nature/npr/iccccrc2013/pdf/year2013630/section2/noguchi.pdf
経済産業省 資源エネルギー庁,「平成26年度エネルギーに関する年次報告」第1部3章,二○一五年七月十四日, https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/whitepaper/2015pdf/whitepaper2015pdf_1_3.pdf
福島洋上風力コンソーシアム,「浮体式洋上ウィンドファーム実証研究事業(報告書概要版)」,二○一六年三月,頁120。
銚子海洋研究所,日本一の大きさを誇る洋上風力発電,二○一九年七月二十五日,https://www.instagram.com/p/B0U6PteFJGm/
環境省,「風力発電に係る地域主導による適地抽出手法に関するガイド ~地方公共団体による適地抽出のための合意形成と環境調査~」,二○一七年七月,頁30。https://www.env.go.jp/press/files/jp/106382.pdf

德文文獻
法律文件
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Standard Investigation of the Impacts of Offshore Wind Turbines on the Marine Environment (StUK4).
Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie, Standard Konstruktion - Mindestanforderungen an die konstruktive Ausführung von Offshore-Bauwerken in der ausschließlichen Wirtschaftszone (AWZ).
Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz(BMJV, Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection), und Bundesamt für Justiz(BfJ, Federal Office of Justice), Gesetz über die Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung(UVPG).
Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz(BMJV, Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection), und Bundesamt für Justiz(BfJ, Federal Office of Justice), Gesetz zur Entwicklung und Förderung der Windenergie auf See.
Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz(BMJV, Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection), und Bundesamt für Justiz(BfJ, Federal Office of Justice), Seeanlagengesetz (SeeAnlG).
Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU), Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz.
Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU),Eckpunkte für das Klimaschutzprogramm 2030.
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