面對近幾年來職場上缺工的狀況頻傳，企業也愈加能夠體認到員工是公司寶貴的資產，將提升留任率視為重要的策略目標之一，而生活與工作平衡亦是促進員工留任的關鍵因素，為營造良好的組織氣氛，健康促進也是日益矚目的議題，希冀透過從事愉悅休閒體驗達到增加活力的目的，並藉由活力的提升增加心理幸福感與心理健康，使其不僅帶給企業正面的效益，也更有效支持企業長期穩定發展。本研究主旨在透過努力-恢復模型的視角，探討愉悅休閒體驗如何經由活力從而提升心理幸福感、心理健康，且進一步發展出一個相關的理論框架。本研究以台灣地區自應屆畢業生到即將退休之在職從業人員作為研究對象，共回收446份有效問卷。研究結果顯示，愉悅休閒體驗對於心理幸福感、心理健康有直接正向的影響，由此可得，活力扮演著重要的傳遞角色，且這也通過努力-恢復模型來解釋並說明連結的重要性。最後，本研究將依據研究結果給予理論意涵、管理實務意涵以及未來研究建議。

In the face of frequent labor shortages in recent years, companies have become increasingly aware that employees are valuable assets to the company and improving employee retention is one of the key strategic objectives. Achieving a good work-life balance is also a key factor in promoting employee retention. It also more effectively supports the long-term and stable development of companies. Through the lens of the effort-recovery model, this study aims to explore how pleasurable leisure experiences can enhance psychological well-being and mental health through vitality, and to further develop a related theoretical framework. In this study, a total of 446 valid questionnaires were collected from fresh graduates to retired employees in Taiwan. The results of this study show that pleasurable leisure experiences have a direct positive effect on psychological well-being and mental health, suggesting that vitality plays an important role as a transmitter, which is also explained and illustrated by the importance of connectedness through the effort-recovery model. Finally, the study will delve into the theoretical implications, the practical implications for management and the suggestions for future research based on the research findings.

論文審定書 ....................................................................................................................... i
摘 要 ............................................................................................................................. ii
abstract .......................................................................................................................... iii
目 錄 ............................................................................................................................ iv
圖 次 ............................................................................................................................ vi
表 次 .......................................................................................................................... vii
第壹章 緒論 .................................................................................................................. 1
第貳章 文獻探討 .......................................................................................................... 5
第一節、努力恢復模型 ............................................ 5
第二節、愉悅休閒體驗 ............................................ 6
第三節、活力 .................................................... 8
第四節、心理幸福感 .............................................. 9
第五節、心理健康 ............................................... 10
第六節、研究變項間之關係 ....................................... 11
第參章 研究方法 ........................................................................................................ 19
第一節、研究架構與假設 ......................................... 19
第二節、研究對象與資料蒐集 ..................................... 20
第三節、研究工具 ............................................... 20
第四節、資料分析方法 ........................................... 22
第肆章 研究結果 ........................................................................................................ 24
第一節、敘述性統計 ............................................. 24
第二節、相關分析 ............................................... 25
第三節、驗證性因素分析 ......................................... 25
第三節、假設檢定 ............................................... 27
第伍章 討論與建議 .................................................................................................... 31
第一節、理論意涵 ............................................... 31
第二節、管理實務意涵 ........................................... 33
第三節、研究限制與未來研究建議 ................................. 35
參考文獻 ........................................................................................................................ 38
中文文獻 ....................................................... 38
英文文獻 ....................................................... 39

中文文獻
衛生福利部網站，2022。https://dep.mohw.gov.tw/DOMHAOH/mp-107.html
宮佳彣（2022）。音樂活動參與者之休閒涉入、休閒體驗與休閒效益關係之研究。﹝未出版之碩士論文﹞國立雲林科技大學休閒運動研究所。
曾慈慧、凌德麟、盧俊吉（2003）。動靜態遊憩活動對生心理反應之研究。觀光研究學報，9(2)，85-99。https://doi.org/10.6267/jtls.2003.9(2)6
許順旺、吳紀美、張姮燕、楊雯如、林立婷（2018）。以人力資源管理策略觀點探討員工情緒、幸福感、續效與休閒參與調節效果之研究。商略學報，10(1)，47-66。https://doi.org/10.3966/207321472018031001003
 
英文文獻
Baicker, K., Cutler, D., & Song, Z. (2010). Workplace wellness programs can generate savings. Health affairs, 29(2), 304-311. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0626
Bhugra, D., Till, A., & Sartorius, N. (2013). What is mental health? International Journal of Social Psychiatry., 59(1), 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764012463315
Burton, N. W., Pakenham, K. I., & Brown, W. J. (2010). Feasibility and effectiveness of psychosocial resilience training: A pilot study of the READY program. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 15(3), 266-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548501003758710
Caesens, G., Stinglhamber, F., & Ohana, M. (2016). Perceived organizational support and well-being: A weekly study. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(7), 1214-1230. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-01-2016-0002
Carmeli, A., Ben-Hador, B., Waldman, D. A., & Rupp, D. E. (2009). How leaders cultivate social capital and nurture employee vigor: Implications for job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1553-1561. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016429
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Geurts, S. A. E., & Taris, T. W. (2009). Daily recovery from work-related effort during non-work time. In S. Sonnentag, P. L. Perrewé, & D. C. Ganster (Eds.), Current Perspectives on Job-Stress Recovery (Vol. 7, pp. 85-123). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2009)0000007006
Floyd, M. F., & Johnson, C. Y. (2002). Coming to terms with environmental justice in outdoor recreation: A conceptual discussion with research implications. Leisure Sciences, 24(1), 59-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400252772836
Grawitch, M. J., Gottschalk, M., & Munz, D. C. (2006). The path to a healthy workplace: A critical review linking healthy workplace practices, employee well-being, and organizational improvements. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 58(3), 129. https://doi.org/10.1037/1065-9293.58.3.129
Hamer, M., Stamatakis, E., & Mishra, G. D. (2010). Television-and screen-based activity and mental well-being in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(4), 375-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.12.030
Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Park, C. J. (1996). Leisure-related social support and self-determination as buffers of stress-illness relationship. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 169-187. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1996.11949769
Iwasaki, Y., & Mannell, R. C. (2000). Hierarchical dimensions of leisure stress coping. Leisure Sciences, 22(3), 163-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409950121843
Joy, A., & Sherry Jr, J. F. (2003). Speaking of art as embodied imagination: A multisensory approach to understanding aesthetic experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 259-282. https://doi.org/10.1086/376802
Keyes, C. L. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 207-222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
Krekel, C., Ward, G., & De Neve, J. E. (2019). Employee wellbeing, productivity, and firm performance. In Saïd Business School WP (Vol. 4). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3356581
Lukat, J., Margraf, J., Lutz, R., van der Veld, W. M., & Becker, E. S. (2016). Psychometric properties of the positive mental health scale (PMH-scale). In BMC psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-14). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0111-x
Maddock, A. (2024). The relationships between stress, burnout, mental health and well-being in social workers. The British Journal of Social Work, 54(2), 668-686. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcad232
Malik, O. F., Schat, A. C., Shahzad, A., Raziq, M. M., & Faiz, R. (2021). Workplace psychological aggression, job stress, and vigor: A test of longitudinal effects. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5-6), NP3222-NP3240. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518770650
Meijman, T. F., & Mulder, G. (1998). Psychological aspects of workload. In Handbook of work and organizational: Work psychology, Vol. 2, 2nd ed. (pp. 5-33). Psychology Press/Erlbaum (UK) Taylor & Francis.
Mullens, F., & Laurijssen, I. (2024). An organizational working time reduction and its impact on three domains of mental well-being of employees: a panel study. In BMC Public Health (Vol. 24, pp. 1727). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19161-x
Oerlemans, W. G. M., & Bakker, A. B. (2014). Burnout and daily recovery: A day reconstruction study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(3), 303-314. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036904
Organization, W. H. (2004). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice: Summary report. World Health Organization.
Peluso, M. A. M., & De Andrade, L. H. S. G. (2005). Physical activity and mental health: the association between exercise and mood. Clinics, 60(1), 61-70. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322005000100012
Pink, D. H. (2011). Drive: The surprising truth about what motivates us. In (pp. 89-92). Penguin.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: a critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
Pressman, S. D., Matthews, K. A., Cohen, S., Martire, L. M., Scheier, M., Baum, A., & Schulz, R. (2009). Association of enjoyable leisure activities with psychological and physical well-being. Psychosomatic medicine, 71(7), 725-732. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181ad7978
Quinn, R. W., Spreitzer, G. M., & Lam, C. F. (2012). Building a sustainable model of human energy in organizations: Exploring the critical role of resources. Academy of Management Annals, 6(1), 337-396. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2012.676762
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2008). From ego depletion to vitality: Theory and findings concerning the facilitation of energy available to the self. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(2), 702-717. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00098.x
Ryan, R. M., & Frederick, C. (1997). On energy, personality, and health: Subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well‐being. Journal of Personality, 65(3), 529-565. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x
Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
Sayers, J. (2001). The world health report 2001--Mental health: New understanding, new hope. World Health Organization. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 79(11), 1085. https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/42390
Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., & Salanova, M. (2006). The measurement of work engagement with a short questionnaire: A cross-national study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66(4), 701-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282471
Shirom, A. (2003). Feeling vigorous at work? The construct of vigor and the study of positive affect in organizations. In Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention strategies (pp. 135-164). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(03)03004-X
Sonnentag, S. (2001). Work, recovery activities, and individual well-being: A diary study. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(3), 196. https://doi.org/10.1037//1076-8998.6.3.196
Sonnentag, S., Arbeus, H., Mahn, C., & Fritz, C. (2014). Exhaustion and lack of psychological detachment from work during off-job time: moderator effects of time pressure and leisure experiences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 19(2), 206. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035760
Tinsley, H. E., & Eldredge, B. D. (1995). Psychological benefits of leisure participation: A taxonomy of leisure activities based on their need-gratifying properties. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.42.2.123
Van Veldhoven, M. (2008). Need for recovery after work: An overview of construct, measurement and research. Nottingham University Press.
Viitala, R., Tanskanen, J., & Säntti, R. (2015). The connection between organizational climate and well-being at work. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 23(4), 606-620. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2013-0716
Waterman, A. S. (1990). The relevance of Aristotle’s conception of eudaimonia for the psychological study of happiness. Theoretical & Philosophical Psychology, 10(1), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0091489
Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678-691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678
Yalcin, I. (2020). The Role of Freedom Perceived in Leisure on Happiness and Mental Well-Being. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 7(4), 172-179. https://doi.org/10.17220/ijpes.2020.04.016
Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. (2015). Employee well‐being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross‐cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5), 621-644. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1990