環境溫度會影響外溫動物生理機能與行為，進而影響其生態表現及地理分布範圍。作為外溫動物，爬蟲類對於溫度變化更為敏感，尤其是在生活史的早期階段。在高海拔寒冷氣候地區，卵生蜥蜴必須在短暫的活動季節內完成胚胎發育，因此雌蜥的巢位選擇會影響胚胎發育、幼體成長及度冬前的能量累積。雪山草蜥（Takydromus hsuehshanensis）為臺灣高海拔特有種蜥蜴（海拔分布1800－3500公尺），常見於開闊的草原及碎石地環境。目前已知成體可用日曬方式提高體溫來適應高海拔氣候，但針對胚胎時期溫度生理的相關研究較少。本實驗目的是檢測溫度對雪山草蜥胚胎發育之影響，並透過生物物理模式估算植被對巢位溫度的影響。此外，也初步測量溫度對幼蜥度冬行為及能量花費之影響。結果顯示：（一）本研究建立的數學模式可利用孵化溫度來預測胚胎發育時間。（二）在模擬條件下，高海拔地區的胚胎只能在開闊有日照的環境下完成發育，森林的鬱閉度提高會造成底層的溫度太低，使胚胎無法在入冬前完成發育。（三）幼蜥的活動能力及標準代謝率隨溫度下降而降低。由以上結果推論，雪山草蜥依賴母蜥透過選擇溫暖的開闊碎石地或草原產蛋，使胚胎在冬季前孵化來適應高海拔環境。另外，推測低溫條件可以減少幼蜥的能量消耗，有利於度冬。本研究可作為未來研究氣候變遷或棲地改變如何影響高山爬蟲類之參考。

Environmental temperature affects ectotherms’ physiological functions, behavior, and ultimately, their ecological performance and distributional range. As ecototherms, reptiles are sensitive to temperature changes, particularly in the early life stages. In cold-climate areas, such as high elevation, oviparous (egg-laying) lizards have to complete embryonic development within a short activity season. Females’ nest selection therefore has adaptive significance for embryo development, hatchling growth and energy accumulation before winter arrival. Takydromus hsuehshanensis, a high-elevation lizard (1800–3500 m elevation) endemic of Taiwan, is commonly found in grasslands. To adapt to cold climates, the adults of this species adopt basking behavior to raise their body temperatures, but little is known on the thermal physiology of early-life stages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the embryonic development of T. hsuehshanensis, and to use a biophysical model to estimate how vegetation canopy can affect the suitability of surface for nesting. I also preliminarily measured the temperature sensitivity of the hatchlings’ behavior and standard metabolic rate in the winter. The results indicated: (1) the embryonic development time can be predicted from the developmental temperature using mathematical models. (2) In the simulated conditions, at high elevation, embryos can only complete development before winter arrival in open sites, and increase of forest canopy will lead to surface too cold for embryonic development. (3) The hatchlings’ activity and standard metabolic rate decrease with decreasing temperatures. These results suggest that increase the possibility of hatching success depend on females’ nest selection and that staying at low temperature can save juveniles’ energy and benefit overwinter. This study provides valuable insights for future research, furthering the investigation of the impact of environmental change on alpine reptiles.

誌謝 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖表目錄 v
附錄目錄 vi
壹、 前言 1
貳、 研究方法 5
實驗一、溫度對胚胎發育之影響 5
實驗二、巢位溫度及野外棲地溫度 9
實驗三、溫度對幼蜥渡冬之影響 13
統計分析 15
參、 結果 17
實驗一、溫度對胚胎發育之影響 17
實驗二、巢位溫度及野外棲地溫度 19
實驗三、溫度對幼蜥渡冬之影響 23
肆、 討論 25
伍、 參考文獻 33
附錄一、雪山草蜥野外巢位照片以及溫度歷程 S1
附錄二、微氣候模式參數設定與驗證 S11
附錄三、DEVARA胚胎發育模式參數設定與驗證 S19
附錄四、微氣候模式輸入範例 S22
附錄五、DEVARA胚胎發育模式輸入與輸出範例 S24

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