《少女時代》（Parthenia, 1612），是英國最早出版的維吉諾作品，曲集中共有二十一首獨奏作品，分別由三位當代最重要的作曲家拜爾德、布爾和吉本斯所創作，這些作品成為後世研究三位作曲家鍵盤音樂的重要來源之一。此曲集為刻版印刷師威廉．霍爾題獻給詹姆士一世的女兒伊莉莎白．斯圖亞特公主和普法爾茨地區腓特烈五世王子的結婚禮物。

在《少女時代》鍵盤獨奏作品中，可以看出維吉諾音樂從十六世紀末承襲聲 樂曲語法到十七世紀初，逐漸脫離聲樂的影響發展出鍵琴的語法，漸漸走上炫技的概念。此曲集在歷史的重要性，不但在於它是題獻給皇室的禮物，更是一個有 計畫下形成的大師音樂集選，而且能夠作為維吉諾音樂逐漸脫離聲樂，走入鍵盤音樂語法的器樂曲中的證據。

本文主要分為四個部份，首先對十六世紀末至十七世紀初英國維吉諾音樂作介紹；第二部份為《少女時代》曲集的出版背景及曲集中三位當代最重要維吉諾 音樂作曲家拜爾德、布爾和吉本斯的生平做介紹；第三部份則是針對《少女時代》 曲集之鍵盤彈奏技巧和語法包括：音階之運用、大跳之運用、重覆音的使用、使用各種鍵盤彈奏方式增加和聲織度、節奏設計、裝飾音、雙手交錯彈奏及三度音之技巧，共分為八類來探討；最後對所研究之內容作總結。

Parthenia, the first virginal works published in England in the year of 1612. It is a collection with twenty-one pieces keyboard works by three of the most prominent composers: John Bull, William Byrd and Orlando Gibbons. These collection have become important sources for researching the development of keyboard music and these three composers. This collection was dedicated to as Elizabeth Stuart Princess and Prince Frederick V of the Palatinate region wedding gift by the engraver, William Hole.

In the Parthenia, it clear shows that virginal music had developed from vocal music idem into keyboard idiomatic from the end of sixteenth century to early seventeenth century. The historical importance of this collection, not only it is a gift dedicated to royals, but a well planned music masters' collection. Moreover, it is an evidence for virginal music abandoned vocal music style and created a totally keyboard music.

This study includes four parts. First, describes the development of virginal music in England from the end of sixteenth century to the early seventeenth century. The second part explicates the publishing background of Parthenia and three of the most prominent composers: John Bull, William Byrd and Orlando Gibbons. The third part focuses on the idiomatic techniques of keyboard music in Parthenia including scale passages, leaps, repeat notes, keyboard devices for filling harmony, rhythmic devices, ornamentation, use of crossed hands, interval 3rd 's.

中文摘要………………………………………………………………………………………..…… i
英文摘要…………………………………………………………………………...…………..…… ii

前言…………………………………………………………………..…….…………..…………....01

壹、十六世紀末至十七世紀初英國維吉諾音樂…………………….................……………..….03

貳、《少女時代》………………………………………………………..…………………….…..06
一、出版背景……………………………………….…………………..…….…………………….06
二、布爾的生平……………………………………………………….………………………...….08
三、拜爾德的生平……………………………………………………………….…………………10
四、吉本斯的生平……....………………………………………………………………………….13

參、《少女時代》作品之鍵盤語法…..................…………………………………………........15
一、音階之運用……………………………………………………………….............………......20
二、大跳之運用………………………………………………………………………...................21
三、重覆音的使用……………………………………………………………………..................23
四、使用各種鍵盤彈奏方式增加和聲織度…………………………….....................................24
五、節奏設計…………………...……………………………………………………...................26
六、裝飾音………………………...……………………………………………………................28
七、交錯彈奏…………………...………………………………………………………................31
八、三度音技巧..………………………..……………………………………………..................32

肆、結語………………………………………………………………………………………..…..36
參考文獻………………………………………………………………………………….….……..38

外文書目
Adams, Robert Lee. “The Development of a Keyboard Idiom in English during the English Renaissance.” PhD diss., Washington University, 1960.

Alan, Brown. “pavan,” Grove Music Oline. (Accessed: June 2, 2016) http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/21120.

Bailey, Candace. “Orlando Gibbons, Keyboard Music and the Beginnings of the Baroque: New Considerations of a Musical Style.” International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music 37, no. 2 (2006):135-156.

Bedbrook, Gerald Stares. Keyboard Music from the Middle Age. New York: Da Capo Press, 1973.

Borren, Charles van den. The Sources of Keyboard Music in England, translated by James Matthew. London: Novello & Co., Ltd., 1913.

Caldwell, John. English Keyboard Music before the Nineteenth Century. New York: Dover, 1973.

Cunningham, Walker. The Keyboard Music of John Bull. Michigan: UMI Research Press, 1984.

Dickson, A.E. F. “English Virginal Music.” Music Review, xvi (1955), 13-28. Dart, Thurston. “John Bull, 1563-1628.” The Musical Times 104, no. 1442 (1963):252-253.

Dart, Thurston. “New Sources of Virginal Music .”Music and Letters, xxxv (1954), 93-106.

Field, Christopher D.S.、Helm, E. Eugene and Drabkin, William. “Fantasia,” Grove Music Online. (Accessed: June 2, 2016) http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/40048

Gillespie, John. Five Centuries of Keyboard Music. New York: Dover Publication, 1965.

Glyn, Margaret. About Elizabethan Virginal Music and Its Composers. London: W. Reeves, 1934.

Harley, John. William Byrd : Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. London: Scolar Press, 1997.

-----------, Orlando Gibbons and the Gibbons Family of Musicians. London: Ashgate, 1999.

Harper, John and Huray, Peter Le. “Orlando Gibbons,” Grove Music Online. (Accessed: June 2, 2016) http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/11092

Hendrie, Gerald. “The Keyboard Music of Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625).”
Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association Ixxxix(1962):1-15.

Horsley, Imogene. “The 16th-Century Variation: A New Historical Survey.” Journal of the American Musicological Society, xii(1959), 118-132.

Jeans, Susi and Neighbour, O. W. “John Bull,” Grove Music Online. (Accessed: June 2, 2016)http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/04294

Kerman, Joseph and McCarthy, Kerry. “William Byrd,” Grove Music Online. (Accessed: June 2, 2016) http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/04487

Ledbetter, David and Ferguson, Howard. “Prelude,” Grove Music Online. (Accessed: June 2, 2016) http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43302

Lowinsky, E. E. “Music in the Culture of Renaissance.” Journal of the History of Ideas, xv (1954), 509-537.

Neighbour, Oliver. The Consort and Keyboard Music of William Byrd. London: Faber and Faber, 1978.

Mason, Dorothy. Music in Elizabethan England, Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1958.

Mellers, Wilfrid. “John Bull and English Keyboard Music II.”The Musical Quarterly 40, no.4(1954):548-571.

Meighbour, Oliver. The Consort and Keyboard Music of William Byrd. London: Faber and Faber, 1978.

Naylor, E. W. An Elizabethan Virginal Book. London: J.M. Dent & Co., 1905.

Neale, John Ernest. Queen Elizabeth. Chicago: Academy Chicago publication, 1992.

Pollack, Janet. “A Reevaluation of Parthenia and Its Context.” PhD diss., Duke University, 2001.

Ripin, Edwin M.、Wraight, Denzil and Martin, Darryl. “Virginal,” Grove Music Online. (Accessed: June 1, 2016) http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/43136

Sibiger, Alexander. Keyboard Music Before 1700. New York: Schirmer, 1995.

Sisman, Elaine. “Variation,” Grove Music Online. (Accessed: June 1, 2016) http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/29050

樂譜
Dart, Thurston, ed. Parthenia. London: Stainer & Bell, 2002.

Maitland, J. A. Fuller and Barclay Squire, William, ed. Fitzwilliam Virginal Book. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Hartel, 1899.

Rimbault, Edward. F, ed. Parthenia. London: Musical Antiquarian Society, 1847.

中文書目
黃雅惠。〈英國伊麗莎白時期維吉諾變奏曲之探討〉。音樂學系研究所／碩士論文，86。