當跨國企業(MNEs)上下游部門位於不同國家時，可以透過其稅率的差異，操控企業內部的移轉價格來進行利潤移轉，達到避稅的效果。我們分別比較在獨占市場與寡占市場結構下，跨國企業的移轉訂價策略與生產區位決策。我們發現在寡占市場下，跨國企業有更大的誘因將上下游部門設置在不同的國家。此外，本文也討論當政府實施常規交易原則對於區位選擇的影響，我們發現當跨國企業無法再進行差別取價後，將上下游部門設置在不同的國家的動機會更增強。

When affiliates of multinational enterprises (MNEs) are in different countries, they can shift profits by manipulating internal transfer prices with different corporate tax rates. The paper analyzes the transfer pricing strategies of MNEs under monopoly and oligopoly, examining the impacts of the production location choices. We show that MNEs have greater incentive to choose the separate-location scheme under oligopoly. In addition, this paper also explores the impact of the arm’s length principle (ALP) on the location choice. We find that MNEs have greater incentive to choose the separate-location scheme because the ALP does not allow for price discrimination.

論文審定書 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖目錄 v
第一章、 前言 1
第二章、 基本模型 5
2.1. 上游廠址位於F國(Co-location scheme) 7
2.2. 上游廠址位於H國(Separate-location scheme) 8
2.3. 區位選擇 9
第三章、 未實施常規交易原則下的寡占競爭 11
3.1. 上游廠址位於F國(Co-location scheme) 13
3.2. 上游廠址位於H國(Separate-location scheme) 15
3.3. 區位選擇 18
第四章、 實施常規交易原則下的寡占競爭 23
4.1. 上游廠址位於F國(Co-location scheme) 23
4.2. 上游廠址位於H國(Separate-location scheme) 24
4.3. 區位選擇 26
第五章、 結論 29
參考文獻 31

一、中文文獻
全國法規資料庫
https://law.moj.gov.tw/Index.aspx
財政部
https://www.mof.gov.tw/singlehtml/6618?cntId=82492

二、英文文獻
Bartelsman, E. J., & Beetsma, R. M. (2003). Why pay more? Corporate tax avoidance through transfer pricing in OECD countries. Journal of public economics, 87, 2225-2252.
Bauer, C. J., & Langenmayr, D. (2013). Sorting into outsourcing: Are profits taxed at a gorilla's arm's length?. Journal of International Economics, 90, 326-336.
Choe, C., & Matsushima, N. (2013). The arm's length principle and tacit collusion. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 31, 119-130.
Choi, J. P., Furusawa, T., & Ishikawa, J. (2020). Transfer pricing regulation and tax competition. Journal of International Economics, 127, 103367.
Davies, R. B., Martin, J., Parenti, M., & Toubal, F. (2018). Knocking on tax haven’s door: Multinational firms and transfer pricing. Review of Economics and Statistics, 100, 120-134.
Egger, P., & Seidel, T. (2013). Corporate taxes and intra-firm trade. European Economic Review, 63, 225-242.
Hines Jr, J. R., & Rice, E. M. (1994). Fiscal paradise: Foreign tax havens and American business. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109, 149-182.
Horst, T. (1971). The theory of the multinational firm: Optimal behavior under different tariff and tax rates. Journal of political economy, 79, 1059-1072.
Huizinga, H., & Laeven, L. (2008). International profit shifting within multinationals: A multi-country perspective. Journal of Public Economics, 92, 1164-1182.
Kato, H., & Okoshi, H. (2019). Production location of multinational firms under transfer pricing: The impact of the arm’s length principle. International tax and public finance, 26, 835-871.
Kind, H. J., Midelfart, K. H., & Schjelderup, G. (2005). Corporate tax systems, multinational enterprises, and economic integration. Journal of International Economics, 65, 507-521.
Nielsen, S. B., Raimondos–Møller, P., & Schjelderup, G. (2003). Formula apportionment and transfer pricing under oligopolistic competition. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 5, 419-437.
Nielsen, S. B., Raimondos‐Møller, P., & Schjelderup, G. (2008). Taxes and decision rights in multinationals. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 10, 245-258.
Schjelderup, G., & Sorgard, L. (1997). Transfer pricing as a strategic device for decentralized multinationals. International Tax and Public Finance, 4, 277-290.
Sikka, P., & Willmott, H. (2010). The dark side of transfer pricing: Its role in tax avoidance and wealth retentiveness. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 21, 342-356.
Tørsløv, T. R., Wier, L. S., & Zucman, G. (2018). The missing profits of nations (No. w24701). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Vives, X. (1985). On the efficiency of Bertrand and Cournot equilibria with product differentiation. Journal of Economic Theory, 36, 166-75.
Yao, J. T. (2013). The arm's length principle, transfer pricing, and location choices. Journal of Economics and Business, 65, 1-13.
Zhao, L. (2000). Decentralization and transfer pricing under oligopoly. Southern Economic Journal, 414-426.