本研究主要探討在職場中的應得權益感，應得權益感的體現會因個體差異而有所不同，但過去少有研究將應得權益感做區分，因此，本研究將針對脆弱型應得權益感進行探討，藉以探究員工進行向上比較透過脆弱型應得權益感對組織公民行為展現的意願影響，並檢視主管的轉換型領導是否能調節上述的中介歷程。本研究以問卷調查法獲取研究所需樣本資料，研究對象為368位來自不同產業的在職員工，並使用Mplus7將蒐集的資料執行SEM結構方程模型分析來檢驗中介效果與調節效果是否成立。本研究發現員工的脆弱型應得權益感會中介向上比較與組織公民行為之間的關係，另外，我們也證實脆弱型應得權益感中介向上比較與組織公民行為的歷程會被主管的轉換型領導所調節。在本篇最後，我們依據分析結果提供一些實務建議供企業參考。

The study mainly discussed about the workplace entitlement. The display of the entitlement can vary among individuals. However, few studies have distinguished the entitlement in the past. Therefore, this study will focus on vulnerable-based entitlement by investigating the mediation process of vulnerable-based entitlement after employees doing upward comparison, which in turn has an impact on employees’ willingness to engage organizational citizenship behavior and further examine the moderation effect of supervisors’ transformational leadership on this process. The data was collected from 368 employees from different companies and industries in Taiwan. To test the research hypotheses, we use Mplus7. The data showed that vulnerable-based entitlement has mediation effect on upward
comparison and employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. Further, we demonstrated that supervisors’ transformational leadership moderated the strength of the mediation effect of upward comparison and employees’ organizational citizenship behavior via vulnerable-based entitlement Finally, based on our findings, we provided enterprises with some practical suggestions.

論文審定書 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 iv
圖次 vi
表次 vii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 文獻缺口 2
第三節 研究目的 4
第二章 文獻探討 4
第一節 脆弱型應得權益感 4
第二節 向上比較 7
第三節 組織公民行為 8
第四節 轉換型領導 9
第五節 研究假設推導 11
第三章 研究方法 16
第一節 研究架構 17
第二節 研究假設 17
第三節 研究樣本 18
第四節 研究工具 20
第五節 研究控制變項 24
第六節 資料分析 25
第七節 處理共同方法變異 27
第四章 研究結果 28
第一節 描述性統計結果 28
第二節 人口變項於各構面的差異比較 29
第三節 相關分析 33
第四節 結構方程模型分析 34
第五節 研究假設驗證統整 41
第五章 結論與建議 42
第一節 研究結論 42
第二節 管理意涵 44
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議 46
參考文獻 47
附錄(問卷) 59

李曉鳳（2020）。提升工作契合度：轉換型領導、組織支持、工作塑造的角色。國立交通大學管理科學系所碩士論文，新竹市。取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/69f2h6
陳增朋（2008）。大學校院體育行政組織公民行為影響因素模式之研究。國立臺灣師範大學體育學系博士論文，台北市。 取自https://hdl.handle.net/11296/33t6x6
彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽（2006）。管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報，23(1)，77-98。
楊麗珠（2012）。社會比較量表之發展及與主觀幸福感結構關聯性之探討(未出版之碩士論文)。國立臺南大學，臺南市。
Aderman, D., & Berkowitz, L. (1983). Self-concern and the unwillingness to be helpful. Social Psychology Quarterly, 293-301.
Alicke, M. D., Klotz, M. L., Breitenbecher, D. L., Yurak, T. J., & Vredenburg, D. S. (1995). Personal contact, individuation, and the better-than-average effect. Journal of personality and social psychology, 68(5), 804.
Allen, T. D., Johnson, H.-A. M., Xu, X., Biga, A., Rodopman, O. B., & Ottinot, R. C. (2009). Mentoring and protégé narcissistic entitlement. Journal of Career Development, 35(4), 385–405.
Avolio, B. J., & Bass, B. M. (1991). The full range of leadership development: Basic and advanced manuals Binghamton. NY: Bass & Avolio.
Avolio, B.J. and Bass, B.M. (2002), Developing Potential across a Full Range of Leadership Cases on
Transactional and Transformational Leadership, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ
Azmi, F. T., Desai, K., & Jayakrishnan, K. (2016). Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB): A comprehensive literature review. Sumedha Journal of Management, 5(1), 102-117.
Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory (Vol. 1). Prentice Hall: Englewood cliffs.
Barling, J., Weber, T., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: A field experiment. Journal of applied psychology, 81(6), 827.
Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational dynamics, 18(3), 19-31.
Bass, B.M. (1985), Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations, The Free Press, New York, NY.
Bergeron, D. (2007). The potential paradox of organizational citizenship behavior: Good citizens at what cost? Academy of Management Review, 32, 1078–1095.
Bernstein, M., & Crosby, F. (1980). An empirical examination of relative deprivation theory. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16(5), 442-456.
Bolino, M. C., Turnley, W. H., & Niehoff, B. P. (2004). The other side of the story: Reexamining prevailing assumptions about organizational citizenship behavior. Human Resource Management Review, 14, 229–246.
Brief, A. P., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of management Review, 11(4), 710-725.
Brouer, R. L., Wallace, A. S., & Harvey, P. (2011). When good resources go bad: The applicability of conservation of resource theory to psychologically entitled employees. In The role of individual differences in occupational stress and well being. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Brown, D. J., Ferris, D. L., Heller, D., & Keeping, L. M. (2007). Antecedents and consequences of the frequency of upward and downward social comparisons at work. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102(1), 59-75.
Brown, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Testing structural equation models. Bollen, KA, & JS Long, Eds.
Burns, J.M. (1978), Leadership, Harper & Row
Publishers, New York, NY
Butzer, B., & Kuiper, N. A. (2006). Relationships between the frequency of social comparisons and self-concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression. Personality and individual differences, 41(1), 167-176.
Buunk, B. P., Collins, R. L., Taylor, S. E., VanYperen, N. W., & Dakof, G. A. (1990). The affective consequences of social comparison: either direction has its ups and downs. Journal of personality and social psychology, 59(6), 1238.
Buunk, B. P., Zurriaga, R., Gonzalez-Roma, V., & Subirats, M. (2003). Engaging in upward and downward comparisons as a determinant of relative deprivation at work: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(2), 370-388.
Buunk, B. P., Zurriaga, R., Peíró, J. M., Nauta, A., & Gosalvez, I. (2005). Social comparisons at work as related to a cooperative social climate and to individual differences in social comparison orientation. Applied Psychology, 54(1), 61-80.
Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of personality assessment, 83(1), 29-45.
Collins, R. L. (1996). For better or worse: the impact of upward social comparison on self-evaluations. Psychol. Bull. 119, 51–69.
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of management, 31(6), 874-900.
Crosby, F. (1976). A model of egoistical relative deprivation. Psychological review, 83(2), 85.
Crowe, M. L., LoPilato, A. C., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2016). Identifying two groups of entitled individuals: Cluster analysis reveals emotional stability and self-esteem distinction. Journal of personality disorders, 30(6), 762-775.
Dickinson, K. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of personality disorders, 17(3), 188-207.
Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B. J., & Shamir, B. (2002). Impact of transformational leadership on follower development and performance: A field experiment. Academy of management journal, 45(4), 735-744.
Fennimore, A. (2020). That’s my stapler: vulnerable narcissists and organizational territoriality. Management Research Review.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140.
Flynn, G. (1996). Back lash. Personnel Journal, 75, 58–69.
Fox, S., Spector, P. E., Bruursema, K., Kessler, S., & Goh, A. (2007). Necessity is the mother of behavior: Organizational constraints, CWB and OCB. In meeting of the Academy of Management, Philadelphia, PA.
Gibbons, F. X., & Buunk, B. P. (1998). Constructing a directional measure of comparison preference. Manuscript in preparation.
Harris, M. M., Anseel, F., & Lievens, F. (2008). Keeping up with the Joneses: A field study of the relationships among upward, lateral, and downward comparisons and pay level satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 665.
Hart, W., Tortoriello, G. K., & Richardson, K. (2019). Deprived and grandiose explanations for psychological entitlement: Implications for theory and measurement. Journal of personality assessment.
Harvey, P., & Harris, K. J. (2010). Frustration-based outcomes of entitlement and the influence of supervisor communication. Human Relations, 63(11), 1639-1660.
Harvey, P., & Martinko, M. J. (2009). An empirical examination of the role of attributions in psychological entitlement and its outcomes. Journal of organizational behavior: the international journal of industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 30(4), 459-476.
Harvey, P., Harris, K. J., Gillis, W. E., & Martinko, M. J. (2014). Abusive supervision and the entitled employee. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(2), 204-217.
Hay, I. (2006). Transformational leadership:
Characteristics and criticisms. E-journal of Organizational Learning and Leadership, 5(2).
Hochwarter, W. A., Meurs, J. A., Perrewé, P. L., Royle, M. T., & Matherly, T. A. (2007). The interactive effect of attention control and the perceptions of others' entitlement behavior on job and health outcomes. Journal of Managerial Psychology.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Huang, J. H., Jin, B. H., & Yang, C. (2004). Satisfaction with business‐to‐employee benefit systems and organizational citizenship behavior: An examination of gender differences. International Journal of Manpower.
Jha, S. (2014). Transformational leadership and psychological empowerment: Determinants of organizational citizenship behavior. South Asian Journal of Global Business Research.
Johnson, M. K., & Elder Jr, G. H. (2002). Educational pathways and work value trajectories. Sociological Perspectives, 45(2), 113-138.
Jordan, P. J., Ramsay, S., & Westerlaken, K. M. (2017). A review of entitlement: Implications for workplace research. Organizational Psychology Review, 7(2), 122-142.
Jung, D. I., & Avolio, B. J. (2000). Opening the black box: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of trust and value congruence on transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of organizational Behavior, 21(8), 949-964.
Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral science, 9(2), 131-146.
Kidwell Jr, R. E., Mossholder, K. W., & Bennett, N. (1997). Cohesiveness and organizational citizenship behavior: A multilevel analysis using work groups and individuals. Journal of management, 23(6), 775-793.
Kong, F., Wang, M., Zhang, X., Li, X., & Sun, X. (2021). Vulnerable Narcissism in Social Networking Sites: The Role of Upward and Downward Social Comparisons. Frontiers in Psychology, 3921.
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018). The narcissism spectrum model: A synthetic view of narcissistic personality. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(1), 3-31.
Krizan, Z., & Johar, O. (2012). Envy divides the two faces of narcissism. Journal of personality, 80(5), 1415-1451.
Lange, J., Redford, L., & Crusius, J. (2019). A status-seeking account of psychological entitlement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(7), 1113-1128.
Lannin, D. G., Guyll, M., Krizan, Z., Madon, S., & Cornish, M. (2014). When are grandiose and vulnerable narcissists least helpful?. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 127-132.
Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1997). Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 91–103.
Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1999). Salient best selves can undermine inspiration by outstanding role models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 214–228.
Luksyte, A., Bauer, T. N., Debus, M. E., Erdogan, B., & Wu, C. H. (2022). Perceived overqualification and collectivism orientation: implications for work and nonwork outcomes. Journal of Management, 48(2), 319-349.
Masterson, S. S., Lewis, K., Goldman, B. M., & Taylor, M. S. (2000). Integrating justice and social exchange: The differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relationships. Academy of Management journal, 43(4), 738-748.
McColl-Kennedy, J. R., & Anderson, R. D. (2002). Impact of leadership style and emotions on subordinate performance. Leadership Quarterly, 13, 545-559.
Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2010). Searching for a vulnerable dark triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of personality, 78(5), 1529-1564.
Miller, J. D., Hoffman, B. J., Gaughan, E. T., Gentile, B., Maples, J., & Keith Campbell, W. (2011). Grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: A nomological network analysis. Journal of personality, 79(5), 1013-1042.
Mulla, Z. R., & Krishnan, V. R. (2011). Transformational leadership: Do the leader’s morals matter and do the follower’s morals change?. Journal of Human Values, 17(2), 129-143.
Muller, D., & Fayant, M. P. (2010). On being exposed to superior others: Consequences of self‐threatening upward social comparisons. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(8), 621-634.
Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2008). The relationship of age to ten dimensions of job performance. Journal of applied psychology, 93(2), 392.
Ng, T. W., Lam, S. S., & Feldman, D. C. (2016). Organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior: Do males and females differ?. Journal of vocational behavior, 93, 11-32.
Nohe, C., & Hertel, G. (2017). Transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: A meta-analytic test of underlying mechanisms. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1364.
Obloj, T., & Zenger, T. (2017). Organization design, proximity, and productivity responses to upward social comparison. Organization Science, 28(1), 1-18.
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books/DC Heath and Com.
Ozimek, P., Bierhoff, H. W., & Rohmann, E. (2021). How Downward and Upward Comparisons on Facebook Influence Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissists’ Self-Esteem—A Priming Study. Behavioral Sciences, 11(3), 39.
Parry, K. W., & Sinha, P. N. (2005). Researching the trainability of transformational organizational leadership. Human Resource Development International, 8(2), 165-183.
Pettigrew, T. F. (2015). Samuel Stouffer and relative deprivation. Social Psychology
Quarterly, 78(1), 7-24.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of management, 26(3), 513-563.
Qin, X., Yam, K. C., Ma, G., Chen, C., Zhu, H., & Wang, H. (2022). The unintended psychological and behavioral drawbacks of big push strategies: Increased psychological entitlement, selfish behavior, and decreased prosocial behavior. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 97, 101842.
Richter, A., von Thiele Schwarz, U., Lornudd, C., Lundmark, R., Mosson, R., & Hasson, H. (2015). iLead—a transformational leadership intervention to train healthcare managers’ implementation leadership. Implementation Science, 11(1), 1-13.
Shamir, B., House, R. J., & Arthur, M. B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept based theory. Organization science, 4(4), 577-594.
Silver, M., & Sabini, J. (1978). The perception of envy. Social psychology, 105-117.
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983).
Organizational citizenship behavior: Its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653–663.
Smith, R. H., & Kim, S. H. (2007). Comprehending envy. Psychological bulletin, 133(1), 46.
Solares Menegazzo, J., Cruz-Ortiz, V., Ortega-Maldonado, A., & Salanova, M. (2015). Positive Institutions and their relationship with transformational leadership, empathy and team performance. Multidisciplinary Journal for Education, Social and Technological Sciences, 2(2), 38-64.
Sosik, J. J., & Cameron, J. C. (2010). Character and authentic transformational leadership behavior: Expanding the ascetic self toward others. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 62(4), 251.
Sosik, J. J., & Godshalk, V. M. (2000). Leadership styles, mentoring functions received, and job-related stress: A conceptual model and preliminary study. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 365-390.
Stapel, D. A., & Koomen, W. (2005). Competition, cooperation, and the effects of others on me. Journal of personality and social psychology, 88(6), 1029.
Stone, A. G., Russell, R. F., & Patterson, K. (2004). Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership & organization development journal.
Tai, K., Narayanan, J., & McAllister, D. J. (2012). Envy as pain: Rethinking the nature of envy and its implications for employees and organizations. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 107-129.
Tesser, A., & Collins, J. E. (1988). Emotion in social reflection and comparison situations: intuitive, systematic, and exploratory approaches. Journal of personality and social psychology, 55(5), 695.
Verduyn, P., Gugushvili, N., Massar, K., Täht, K., & Kross, E. (2020). Social comparison on social networking sites. Current opinion in psychology, 36, 32-37.
Wheeler, L. (1966). Motivation as a determinant of upward comparison. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 27-31.
Warr, P., Miles, A., & Platts, C. (2001). Age and personality in the British population between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 74(2), 165-199.
Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of management, 17(3), 601-617.
Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Psychological bulletin, 90(2), 245.
Wirtz, N., & Rigotti, T. (2020). When grandiose meets vulnerable: narcissism and well-being in the organizational context. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(4), 556-569.
Wood, J. V. (1989). Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes. Psychological bulletin, 106(2), 231.
Wright, T. A., & Bonett, D. G. (2002). The moderating effects of employee tenure on the relation between organizational commitment and job performance: a meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 87(6), 1183.
Zeigler‐Hill, V., Clark, C. B., & Pickard, J. D. (2008). Narcissistic subtypes and contingent self‐esteem: Do all narcissists base their self‐esteem on the same domains?. Journal of personality, 76(4), 753-774.
Zhang, C. (2020). The effects of upward social comparison on workplace envy: Moderate of gender identification and Self-esteem. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 10(3), 531-543.
Zitek, E. M., Jordan, A. H., Monin, B., & Leach, F. R. (2010). Victim entitlement to behave selfishly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 245–255.