長久以來，人力資本管理一直是學術研究關注的重心，因其為企業發展與超越對手 的重要因素。第四次工業革命之後，數位科技技術更加精湛，應用程度更為廣泛，引發 全球企業進行數位轉型。處於數位科技高度開發的時代，外部環境瞬息萬變，訊息更迭 也在彈指之間，企業需要建置具有競爭力的人力資本管理，也需要整合關鍵人才管理來 推動長久經營的目標。本研究採用訪談法與個案研究法進行研究，針對企業經營者或高 階管理者進行深度訪談。研究結果顯示，關鍵人才管理可以提高人力資本管理的效益， 優化動態能力與技術性核心能力，使企業獲得持續性競爭優勢;環境不確定性、競爭複 雜性、組織適應與知識管理會影響人力資本管理與關鍵人才管理對企業動態能力與技術 性核心能力的成效。

Human capital management has long been a major focus of academic research, as it has been an important factor in the development of companies and their ability to outperform their competitors. In the wake of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, digital technology has become even more sophisticated and widely used, triggering the digital transformation of enterprises worldwide. In an era of highly developed digital technology, where the external environment is changing rapidly and information is changing at the drop of a hat, companies need to build competitive human capital management and integrate key talent management to drive long-term business objectives. This study uses interview and case study methods to conduct in-depth interviews with business operators or senior managers. The results show that critical talent management can improve the effectiveness of human capital management, optimize dynamic capabilities and technical core competencies, and give companies a sustainable competitive advantage. Environmental uncertainty, competitive complexity, organizational adaptation, and knowledge management affect the effectiveness of human capital management and critical talent management on dynamic capabilities and technical core competencies.

論文審定書 i
致謝 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
圖次 vii
表次 viii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 1
第二節 研究動機 2
第三節 研究目的 6
第二章 文獻綜述 9
第一節 人力資本與人力資本管理 9
第二節 關鍵人才與關鍵人才管理 14
第三節 持續性競爭優勢 20
第四節 影響因素 24
第五節 成功因素 28
第六節 小結 32
第三章 研究設計 34
第二節 研究對象 34
第三節 操作型定義與衡量方法 40
第四節 訪談與分析程序 43
第五節 小結 44
第四章 研究結果與資料分析.45
第一節 人力資本管理之結果與分析 46
第二節 關鍵人才管理之結果與分析 53
第三節 持續性競爭優勢之結果與分析 63
第四節 影響因素之結果與分析 71
第五節 成功因素之結果與分析 80
第六節 中介效果之結果與分析 88
第七節 調節效果之結果與分析 90
第八節 其他結果與分析 93
第九節 小結 95
第五章 結論與建議 97
第一節 研究命題 97
第二節 結論與貢獻 100
第三節 限制與建議 106
參考文獻 108
附 錄 117

一、 中文部份
林建煌、黃同圳、莊世杰（2003）。一個整合人力資源、組織脈絡與持續性競爭優勢的策略性人力資源管理架構：資源基礎觀點。商管科技季刊，4(1)，53-68。
林文寶、吳萬益（2005）。以組織學習觀點探討知識整合及運作特性對核心能力影響之研究。臺大管理論叢，15(2)，165-197。
朱愛平、吳育華（2003）。試論複雜適應系統與企業管理研究的創新發展。科學管理研究，21(4)，63~66。
李正中、韓智勇（2001）。企業核心競爭力：理論的起源及內涵。經濟理論與經濟管理，7，54-56。
宋雅珍（2021）。後疫情時代零接觸經濟之探討。台北：國家發展委員會。
吳紹艷、杜綱（2005）。基於CAS理論的企業動態能力構建機理研究。北京科技大學學報：社會科學版，4，118-131。
孫本初（2007）。策略性人力資源管理在政府機關之應用與行銷。人事月刊，44(1)，4-11。
翁順裕（2017）。擺盪在技術的深耕與探索之間：雙元性組織。管理學報，34(2)，189-214。
國家發展委員會（2020）。關鍵人才培育及延攬方案（110-113年）:關鍵人才培育及延攬—提升台灣國際競爭力。台北：國家發展委員會。
詹文男、李震華、周維忠、王義智、數位轉型研究團隊（2020）。數位轉型力。台北：商周出版社。
楊仁壽、卓秀足（2017）。組織理論與管理：個案、衡量與產業應用。台北：雙葉書廊。
趙必孝、連曼君、葉逸軒（2022）。建立資源整合型組織。高雄：高苑科技大學出版社。
童啟晟（2020）。後疫時代的數位轉型。竹科簡訊，465，24-25。
劉勇志、楊耀傑、王貴英（2009）。以知識管理觀點為基礎探討組織動態能力之影響因素。中山管理評論，17(1)，195-228。
陳明哲（2018）。動態競爭研究與教學的「合一」：邁向文化雙融的整合。管理學報，35(4)，415-436。
陳理飛、史安娜、夏建偉（2007）。複雜適應系統理論在管理領域的應用。科技管理研究，27(8)，40-42。
蔡佳純（2003）。知識經濟時代下知識工作者核心能力之初探。人事月刊。36(3)，7-21。
鄭明哲、洪漫格、吳忠育、林嘉慧（2020）。數位時代下的人力資源發展策略。經濟前瞻期刊，187，43-47。
二、 英文部份
Albert A, C. J., Jong-Hun, P., & Ho-Uk, L. (2008). Top management team functional background diversity and firm performance: Examining the roles of team member colocation and environmental uncertainty. Academy of Management Journal, 51(4), 768–784.
Aslanova, I. V., & Kulichkina, A. I.（2020）. Digital maturity： Definition and model. In 2nd International Scientific and Practical Conference “Modern Management Trends and the Digital Economy： from Regional Development to Global Economic Growth”. Atlantis Press. 138, 443-449.
Barney, J. B. (1986). Organizational culture: can it be a source of sustained competitive advantage? The Academy of Management Review. 11(3), 656-665.
Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120.
Bejtkovsky, J. (2016). The employees of Baby Boomers Generation, Generation X, Generation Y and Generation Z in selected Czech corporations as conceivers of development and competitiveness in their corporation. Journal of Competitiveness, 8(4), 105-123.
Bensaou, B. M., & Venkatraman N. (1995). Configurations of inter-organizational relationships: a comparison between US and Japanese automakers. Management Science, 41(9), 1471-1492.
Berkowitz, S. J. (2001). Measuring and reporting human capital. The Journal of Government Financial Management Preview publication details, 50(3), 13-17.
Boxall., P. & Macky, K. (2009). Research and theory on high-performance work systems: progressing the high-involvement stream. Human Resource Management Journal, 19(1), 3 - 23.
Van Den Bosch, F. A. J. & Van Wijk, R. (2000). Creation of managerial capabilities through managerial knowledge integration. Journal of Economic Literature, 2, 1-30.
Chakravarthy, B. S. (1982). Adaptation: a promising metaphor for strategic management. Academy of Management Review, 7(1), 35-44.
Chakma. R., Paul, J., & Dhir, S. (2021). Disentangling the antecedents of ambidexterity: Exploration and exploitation. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 71, 121-137.
Chen, M. J. (1988). Competitive strategic interaction: A study of competitive actions and responses. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland, USA.
Chen, M. J. (1996). Competitor analysis and interfirm rivalry: Toward a theoretical integration. Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 100-134.
Chopra, M., Saini, N., Kumar, S., Varma, A., Mangla, S. K., Lim, W. M. （2021）. Past, present, and future of knowledge management for business sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production, 328.
Crook, T. R., Todd, S. Y., Combs, J. G., Woehr, D. J., & Ketchen Jr, D. J. (2011). Does human capital matter? A meta-analysis of the relationship between human capital and firm performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 443-56.
De Bem Machado, A., Secinaro, S., Calandra, D., & Lanzalonga, F. (2021). Knowledge management and digital transformation for Industry 4.0: a structured literature review. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 20(2), 320–338.
Dehalwar, K., & Sharma, S. N. (2024). Exploring the distinctions between quantitative and qualitative research methods. Think India Journal, 27(1), 7-15.
Delery, J. E., & Roumpi, D. (2017). Strategic human resource management, human capital, and competitive advantage: is the field going in circles? Human Resource Management Journal, 27(1), 1-21.
DeSarbo, W. S., Grewal, R., & Wind, J. (2006). Who competes with whom? A demand-based perspective for identifying and representing asymmetric competition. Strategic Management Journal, 27(2), 101-129.
Dooley, K. J. (1997). A complex adaptive systems model of organization change. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, 1, 69–97.
Duncan, R. (1972). Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(3), 313-327.
Eggers, J. P., & Kaplan, S. (2009). Cognition and renewal: Comparing CEO and organizational effects on incumbent adaptation to technical change. Organization Science, 20(2), 461-477.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: what are they? Strategic Management JournalVolume, 21(10), 1105-1121.
Ellström, D., Holtström, J., Berg, E. & Josefsson, C. (2022). Dynamic capabilities for digital transformation. Journal of Strategy and Management, 15(2), 272-286.
Gallardo-Gallardo, E., Dries, N., & Gonzalez-Cruz, T. F. (2013). What is the meaning of ‘talent’ in the world of work? Human Resource Management Review, 23(4), 290-300.
Gallon, M. R., Stillman, H. M., & Coates, D. (1995). Putting core competency things into practice. Technology Management. 38(3), 20-28.
Gimeno, J., & Woo, C. Y. (1996). Hypercompetition in a multimarket environment: The role of strategic similarity and multimarket contact in competitive de-escalation. Organization Science, 7(3), 322-341.
Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge-based theory of the firm. Strategic Management Journal 17, 109-122.
Hartley, V., & Robey, D. (2005). Reporting on human capital management. London: Institute for Employment Studies.
Helfat, C., Finkelstein, S., Mitchell, W., Peteraf, M., Singh, H., Teece, D. & Winter, S. (2007). Dynamic Capabilities: Understanding Strategic Change in Organizations. MA: Blackwell, Malden.
Holland, J. H. (1992). Complex adaptive systems. Daedalus, 121(1), 17-30.
Jabnoun, N., Khalifah, A., & Yusuf, A (2003). Environmental Uncertainty, Strategic Orientation, and Quality Management: A Contingency Model. Quality Management Journal, 10(4), 17-31.
Kamo, J., & Phillips, F. (1997). The evolutionary organization as a complex adaptive system. OR: IEEE Conference, Portland.
Khubulova. V. V., & Smagina, I. V, (2022), Development of human capital in the era of digital transformation. The European Proceedings of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 613-622.
Kucharčíková, A. (2011). Human capital-definitions and approaches. Human Resources Management & Ergonomics, 60-70.
Kucharčíková, A., & Mičiak, M. (2017). Human capital management in transport enterprise. MATEC Web of Conferences, 134(3), 1-8.
Lei, D. T. (1997). Competence-building, technology fusion and competitive advantage: the key roles of organisational learning and strategic alliances. International. Journal of Technology Management, 14(2), 208-237.
Lepak, D.P., & Snell, S.A. (1999). The human resource architecture: toward a theory of human capital allocation and development. The Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 31-48.
Lin, K. J., & Wang, M. L. (2005).  The classification of human capital according to the strategic goals of firms: an analysis. International Journal of Management, 22(1), 62-70.
López-Gamero, M. D., Molina-Azorín, J. F., Claver-Cortés, E. (2011). Environmental uncertainty and environmental management perception: A multiple case study. Journal of Business Research, 64(4), 427-435.
March, J. G. (1991). Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87.
Markides, C. C., & Williamson, P. J. (1994). Related diversification, core competences and corporate performance. Strategic Management Journal, 15, 149-165.
McDonnell, A., Larmare, R., Gunnigle, P., & Lavelle, J. (2010). Developing tomorrow's leaders—Evidence of global talent management in multinational enterprises. Journal of World Business, 45(2), 150-160.
Mention, A., & Bontis, N. (2013). Intellectual capital and performance within the banking sector of Luxembourg and Belgium. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 14(2), 286-309.
Michaels, E., Handfield-Jones, H., & Axelrod, B. (2001). The war for talent. Brighton: Harvard Business School Pr.
Miller, D. (1992). Environmental fit versus internal fit. Organization Science, 3(2), 159-178.
Morley, M.J., Scullion, H., Collings, D.G., & Schuler, R.S. (2015). Talent management: a capital question. European Journal of International Management, 9(1), 1-8.
Ndinguri, E., Prieto, L., & Machtmes, K. (2012). Human capital development dynamics: The knowledge based approach. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 11(2), 121-136.
Nijs, S., Gallardo-Gallardo, E., Dries, N., & Sels, L. (2014). A multidisciplinary review into the definition, operationalization, and measurement of talent. Journal of World Business, 49(2), 180–191.
Noe, R.A., Hollenbeck, J.R., Gerhart, B. & Wright, P.M. (2003). Human resource management: gaining a competitive advantage. 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill, Boston.
Nonaka, I. & Takeuchi, H. (1995). The knowledge-creating company: how Japanese companies create the dynamics of Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nonaka, I. & N. Konno, N. (1998). The concept of “Ba": building a foundation for knowledge creation. California Management Review, 40(3). 40-54.
O’Dell, C. & Grayson, C. (1998). If only we knew what we know: identification and transfer of internal best practices. California Management Review, 40(3), 154-174.
O’Reilly III, C. A., & Tushman, M. L. (2013). Organizational ambidexterity: past, present, and future. Academy of Management Perspectives, 27(4), 323-338.
Pandita, D., & Ray, S. (2018). Talent management and employee engagement – a meta-analysis of their impact on talent retention. Industrial and Commercial Training, 50(4), 185-199.
Pauli, U., & Pocztowsk, A. (2019). Talent management in SMEs: an exploratory study of Polish companies. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 7(4), 199-218.
Peteraf, M. A. (1993). The cornerstones of competitive advantage: a resource-based view. Strategic Management Journal, 14(3), 179-191.
Pfeffer, J. & Salancik, G. (1978). The external control of organizations: a resource dependence perspective. Stanford University Press. California.
Polanyi, M. (1967). The Tacit Knowledge Dimension. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Prahalad, C. K., & Hamel, G. (1990). The Core Competence of the Corporation. Harvard Business School Pr, Brighton.
Raisch, S., & Birkinshaw, J. (2008). Organizational ambidexterity: antecedents, outcomes, and moderators. Journal of Management, 34(3), 375-409.
Rothwell, W. J. (2012). Talent management and talent development: what they are, and why you should care. The Encyclopedia of Human Resource Management: HR Forms and Job Aids, 4, 33-35.
Rueda-Manzanares, A., Aragon-Correa, J. A., & Sharmaw, S. (2008). The Influence of Stakeholders on the Environmental Strategy of Service Firms: The Moderating Effects of Complexity, Uncertainty and Munificence. British Journal of Management, 19, 185–203.
Rumawas, W. (2018). The role of human capital to the improvement of employee performance in fisheries companies in North Sulawesi province. International Journal of Applied Business and International Management, 3(2), 71-78.
Saluy, A. B., Abidin, Z. Djamil, M., Kemalasari, N., Hutabarat, L., & Pramudena, S. M. (2021). Employee productivity evaluation with human capital management strategy the case of Covid-19 in Indonesia. Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal, 27(5), 1-9.
Samad, S. (2013). Assessing the contribution of human capital on business performance. International. Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 4(6), 393-397.
Sarta, A., Durand, R., & Vergne, J-P. (2021). Organizational Adaptation. Journal of Management, 47(1), 43-75.
Schilling, M. A. (2013). Strategic management of technological innovation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Scullion, H., & Collings, D. G. (2010). Global talent management. New York: Routledge.
Sensusea,D. I., Cahyaningsiha, E., & Wibowoa, W. C. (2015). Identifying knowledge management process of Indonesian government human capital management using analytical hierarchy process and Pearson correlation analysis. Procedia Computer Science, 72, 233-243.
Smith, K. G., Ferrier, W. J., & Ndofor, H. (2001). Competitive dynamics research: Critique and future directions. London: Blackwell Publishers.
Snell, S. A., & Dean, J. W. (1992). Integrated manufacturing and human resource management: a human capital perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 35(3), 467–504.
Sparrow, S. (2019). A historical analysis of critiques in the talent management debate. Business Research Quarterly, 22(3), 160-170.
Srivastava, S. C. (2005). Managing Core Competence of the Organization. Vikalpa, 30(4), 49-64.
Stewart, T. A. (1997). Intellectual capital: the new wealth of organizations. New York: Currency.
Tampoe, M. (1994). Exploiting the core competences of your organization. Long Range Planning, 27(4), 66-77.
Teece, D. J. (1987). The competitive challenge: strategies for industrial innovation and renewal. HarperCollins US: Publisher, Pensacola.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509–533.
Teece, D. J., Katkalo, V. S., & Pitelis, C. (2010). Introduction: on the nature and scope of dynamic capabilities. Industrial and Corporate Change, 19(4), 1175-1186.
Tsai, W., Su, K. H., & Chen, M. J. (2011). Seeing through the eyes of a rival: Competitor acumen based on rival-centric perceptions. Academy of Management Journal, 54(4), 761-778.
Vidotto, J. D. F., Ferenhof, H. A., Selig, P. M., & Bastos. R. C. (2017). A human capital measurement scale. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 18(2), 316-329.
Walker, J. W., & LaRocco, J. M. (2002). Talent pools: the best and the rest. Human Resource Planning, 25(3), 12-14.
Wang, C. L., & Ahmed, P. K. (2007). Dynamic Capabilities: A Review and Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 9(1), 31-51.
Wright, P. M., McMahan, G. C., & McWilliams, A. (1994). Human resources and sustained competitive advantage: a resource-based perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5, 301-326.
Yap, C. M., & Souder, W. E. (1994). Factors influencing new product success and failure in small entrepreneurial high-technology electronics firms. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 11(5), 418-432.
Zack, M. (1999). Developing a Knowledge Strategy. California Management Review, 41(3), 125-144.
Zollo, M., & Winter, S. (2002). Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organization Science, 13(3), 339-339.