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博碩士論文 etd-0616121-163023 詳細資訊
Title page for etd-0616121-163023
論文名稱
Title
對小琉球遊客收取環境使用費政策規劃之探討
A Study on the User Fee Policy Formulation for Tourists in Xiao Liuqiu
系所名稱
Department
畢業學年期
Year, semester
語文別
Language
學位類別
Degree
頁數
Number of pages
180
研究生
Author
指導教授
Advisor
召集委員
Convenor
口試委員
Advisory Committee
口試日期
Date of Exam
2021-06-28
繳交日期
Date of Submission
2021-07-16
關鍵字
Keywords
環境使用費、觀光發展、環境維護、政策研究、小琉球
User fee, Tourism development, Environmental maintenance, Policy planning, Xiao Liuqiu
統計
Statistics
本論文已被瀏覽 326 次,被下載 193
The thesis/dissertation has been browsed 326 times, has been downloaded 193 times.
中文摘要
海洋島嶼具有多項生態環境、生物資源及人文景觀等特色,常成為遊客湧入的重要觀光點,雖然這有助於增加島嶼居民的經濟收入,但隨著觀光產業的過度發展,島嶼本身的土地限制也導致其更易受到觀光的衝擊。為兼顧島嶼經濟發展及生態保育,近年來許多觀光島嶼開始採行環境使用費制度。本研究以臺灣離島小琉球做為案例,探討實施環境使用費所需考量的要素以及政策設計上的考量。
本研究採用的研究方法包括,(1)案例研究:蒐集探討國外觀光島嶼實施環境使用費案例,以參考其管理架構與收費設計;國內離島則尚未有實施制度,僅參考其過往相關的討論,瞭解實施的可能限制與考慮;(2)半結構式訪談:與社區和政府等利益相關方進行半結構式訪談,以歸納其看法與規劃意見;(3)問卷調查:對收費對象遊客進行願付價格和收費規劃偏好調查,以瞭解遊客支付意願以及政策偏好。最後綜合這些結果,提出對小琉球遊客收取環境使用費之政策規劃。
案例研究依國外經驗歸納出四種法規架構:依據中央統一收費法規、依據中央法規但設計區域收費法規、地方政府設計收費法規和國家級收費法規等。國內離島收費僅有先管制後開放的龜山島及大膽島案例,但後者並非針對環境使用費,其他已有觀光發展之離島則仍僅在討論階段。半結構訪談結果顯示,社區利益相關方多強調收費政策的透明度和後續經費使用項目,但對於政策目標仍相當分歧,導致對收費額度、經費投資項目及收費規劃上的偏好差異。政府單位方面,對於推動收費政策偏向保守,期待未來可能的第三方單位介入增進政策動力。問卷調查顯示大部分遊客對於收費的態度正向,並在瞭解收費將用於自然保育上時會上升,最多的拒絕原因為「認為管理單位無法有效使用環境使用費」,管理與收費設計偏好和訪談結果類似。以多元迴歸模型檢定後發現,「年輕族群」、「收入」和「第一次出價金額」為主要影響出價的因子,「來訪次數」將降低支付價格,「停留天數」則將提高支付價格,顯示政策設計上可能考量計日收費以及重複到訪優惠,強化遊客對收費的接受度。
綜合各研究結果,觀光島嶼環境使用費政策在國外相當常見,但國內仍缺少在已開發島嶼實施的經驗,當使用者認為島嶼為保護區時較易接受,但當認為是在國土內移動,則接受度較低。收費政策規劃需考慮法規管理架構及收費系統設計,本論文綜合提出在小琉球實施之政策考量要點:雖然利益相關方對於地方政府統籌收費政策有相當高的偏好,但考量政策的穩定性及編制,建立依據中央授權法規的實施制度可能更為適當;雖然多數支持納入船票收費,但因私營部門的合作限制,建議採用額外窗口收費;收取價格取決於收費政策目的,但目前對投資項目和預期解決目標仍有分歧,仍需更縝密的協調確認目標後,再討論收取金額及有關活動收費和日支費等額外設計;經費使用雖偏好由政府主導,但考量可能的編制限制及參考國外多利益相關方平台的整合成功經驗,若能建立整合多利益相關方的單位來負責,對於政策的穩定運作和推行將更有幫助。


Abstract
Because of the various environments, creatures and landscapes, islands always be attractive for tourists to visit. Meanwhile, the limitation of land area for islands makes them more vulnerable under the overexploited tourism industry. To keep both environment and economic develop sustainably, many islands adopt a user fee policy to solve problems from tourism. The objective of this study is to provide suggestions of the user fee policy formulation for tourists in Xiao Liuqiu.
There are three methods in the study. (1) Document analysis. Doing case studies on the user fee policy in foreign islands, the study inducts the management framework and other design of the system. While there is a little experience of the policy implementation in Taiwan, the study tries to understand the limitations and considerations through the pass discussion. (2) Semi-structured interview. to explore the attitude of stakeholders, including governments, local community and tourism industry, the semi-structured interview helps to generalize the opinions of the policy and charging system. (3) Questionnaire survey. Use willing to pay and preference research to know the attitudes of tourists. In the end, summarize the results to propose the user fee policy formulation for tourists in Xiao Liuqiu.
The case study shows four legislative frameworks based on others states’ experience, “Based on central authority”, “Based on central authority and autonomy”, “Based on autonomy” and “Based on state authority”. There are two charging systems for islands in Taiwan. One is Guishan Island, the other is Dadan Island. Both are reopened under the government authority, and the latter is charged for tickets instead of user fee. The user fee policy stays in discussion stage in other islands in Taiwan.
Semi-structured interview indicates the stakeholders emphasized the transparency and investment projects of the policy. There is a big gap in policy objectives between stakeholders. It leads to various preference on the price, investment projects and other policy formulations. Since the governments are conservative for the new policy, the new platform for stakeholders would be useful for the initiative of the policy.
Questionnaire survey points out most tourists are positive to the user fee policy, especially when the policy declares the use of conservation. “I don’t trust a management unit to use fund efficiently” is the most common answer for rejecting to pay. Based on multiple regression analysis, “Youth”, “Annual income” and “The first-time pricing” are the major attributions for pricing. “Number if visiting times” would decrease the price, while “Number of staying days” would increase the price. The result supports the design of ticket could be daily pricing or annual ticket to improve the consumer acceptance.
Combined these results, it is common for user fee policy in tourism developed islands worldwide, but the domestic islands are still lack of this system. The user fee might be more acceptable when the charged island is protected. Although considering the islands are also public natural land, it would be low public acceptance. Formulation of user fee policy need to take legislative framework and design of charging system into consideration. The study sums up the key points of user fees policy in Xiao Liuqiu. First, despite most stakeholders support the policy should be autonomy, the study thinks the central authority would be better for policy durability and arrangement. Second, in spite of charging with boat tickets with stakeholders’ preference, concerning for the limitation of cooperation between private companies and government, charging by ticketing would be a better choice. Third, the price depends on the goal of the policy, but there is no consensus of investment projects and issues. It still needs more coordination to define the subjects. The last, using the fee by government is the most acceptable way for stakeholders. However, when taking the limitations of arrangement and other successful cases from foreign islands into account, establishing a platform with multiple stakeholders is more suitable for the practice of the policy.
目次 Table of Contents
目錄
論文審定書 i
謝辭 ii
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 v
目錄 viii
圖次 xii
表次 xiii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 5
第三節 研究範圍和限制 6
第四節 研究方法與步驟 8
一、文獻分析法(document analysis) 8
二、半結構式訪談(semi-structured interview) 8
三、問卷調查(questionnaire survey) 14
第五節 研究流程與架構 19
第二章 案例研究與文獻回顧 22
第一節 國外島嶼環境使用費之案例探討 22
第一類 依據中央統一收費法規 23
第一類收費管理模式小結 30
第二類 依據中央法規設計區域收費法規 31
第二類 收費管理模式小結 35
第三類 地方政府設計收費法規 36
第三類 收費管理模式小結 42
第四類 國家級收費法規 43
第四類收費管理模式小結 45
綜合四類管理模式討論 46
第二節 臺灣島嶼環境使用費之法規與現況 50
綜合管理模式與小琉球情況討論 56
第三節 遊客對於海洋環境收費看法之研究 57
第三章 小琉球利益相關方訪談結果與討論 67
第一節 對小琉球遊客收取環境使用費政策的看法 67
一、對於實施收費政策的整體看法 67
二、費用收取方式 68
三、收取價格 69
第二節 收費之使用與分配 71
一、經費使用項目 72
二、分配排序 74
第三節 管理單位與經費運用方式 75
一、統籌單位 75
二、經費運用方式 77
三、本節討論 79
第四節 其他政策設計考量 80
一、外海使用者 80
二、硬性的總量管制措施 80
三、對業者收費 81
四、對遊客傳達收費政策的需求 82
五、活動收費與分階段收費 82
六、登島費的實品化 83
第五節 討論 84
一、收費系統的本質和政策目的 84
二、收費系統的後續設計(金額與收費方式) 84
三、經費的使用項目 84
第四章 遊客問卷調查結果與討論 86
第一節 問卷結果 86
一、遊客之社會人口學資料 86
二、小琉球遊客之旅遊特性 87
三、政策設計與管理期望 87
四、不同情景下之遊客對使用費願付狀況 88
第二節 各變數與願付價格關係 89
第三節 討論 91
一、遊客意見與政策設計考量 92
二、模型結果與政策設計考量 93
第五章 結論與政策規劃重點 94
第一節 結論 94
一、使用者付費的重點 94
二、臺灣離島收費背景和法規管理架構 96
三、各利益相關方的看法 99
四、未來研究建議 102
第二節 政策規劃要素 102
一、確定管理目標與法規架構 103
二、收費系統後續設計 105
三、經費使用項目的意見收集與平衡 108
四、經費統籌管理單位 109
五、各個利益相關方在政策實施的角色 110
六、減緩新政策對各利益相關方的衝擊 112
第三節 適合小琉球的收費政策規劃 112
一、法規管理制度面向 – 中央法規授權 113
二、收費要素設計 113
三、其他考量 – 民情與產業背景的利益轉向 114
參考文獻 116
附表 128
附錄 162




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