自 2014 年以來，世界各地的恐怖攻擊事件一直在減少。儘管如此，世界各地的人們對恐怖主義的恐懼卻在增加。社交媒體和發展中的網路技術在全球日益增長的恐怖主義恐懼上扮演了至關重要的角色。故本文欲在這個方向上，對民眾對恐怖主義的恐懼與網路、社群媒體之間的關係，以及恐怖組織用來營造恐怖氣氛的策略進行分析。
　　在此種關係的分析上，本文側重於土耳其，以及伊斯蘭國 (ISIS) 勢力在土耳其的社交媒體和網路戰略。具體而言，本文將同時使用質化和量化數據去研究在土耳其社交媒體或網路上支持ISIS 網路貼文的支持者，與土耳其人民對 ISIS 的恐懼之間的關係。首先，我使用調查分析來創建一個關於土耳其普遍存在的恐怖主義恐懼，與在網路上獲取訊息或新聞之間關係的總體框架；其次，以文本分析呈現出ISIS 在推特（Twitter）上具有策略的描述性訊息。最後，採用面對面的採訪以支持數據迴歸和文本分析的結果。論文研究結果表明，土耳其人民害怕 ISIS，而 ISIS 的社交媒體和網路策略在與 ISIS 相關的負面情緒中起著至關重要的作用。本文用“軟性”恐怖主義概念來解釋此項論文結果。

Terrorist attacks around the world have been declining since 2014. Despite the decrease in the number of terrorist attacks, the fear of terrorism in public has increased all around the world. Social media and developing internet technologies are essential in the increasing fear of terrorism worldwide. In this direction, the dissertation analyzes the relationship between fear of terrorism and the internet or social media and the strategies used by terrorist organizations to create an atmosphere of fear. The analysis of this relationship focuses on the Turkey and the social media and internet strategies of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in Turkey. Specifically, the dissertation examines the relationship between exposure to ISIS’s Turkish supporters’ posts on social media or the internet in Turkey and the Turkish people's fear of ISIS. In doing so, I use quantitative and qualitative data in the dissertation. First, I use survey analysis to create a general framework on the relationship between the widespread fear of terrorism in Turkey and access to information or news on the internet. Second, text analysis has given descriptive information about the Twitter strategies of ISIS. Finally, I conduct face-to-face interviews to support the regression and text analysis results. The dissertation findings suggest that the Turkish people are afraid of ISIS and that the social media and internet strategies of ISIS play a vital role in the negative feelings related to ISIS. I interpret the dissertation results with the "soft" terrorism concept.

TABLE OF CONTENT
Verification letter from the Oral Examination Committee i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
Chinese Abstract iv
English Abstract v
List of Figures x
List of Tables xi
Abbreviations xii
CHAPTER ONE 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Problem Statement 4
1.2 Purpose, Target, and Focus of Dissertation 5
1.3 Significance and Rationale of the Dissertation 6
1.4 Dissertation Overview and Organization of the Dissertation 7
CHAPTER TWO 9
LITERATURE REVIEW 9
2.1 Purpose of Terrorism 10
2.2 Terrorism and Mass Media Relations 11
2.3 Terrorism, The Internet, and Social Media Relations 14
CHAPTER THREE 22
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 22
3.1 Definition of the Soft Terrorism Concept 24
3.2 Functions of the Soft Terrorism Concept 26
3.3 Concluding Remark 29
3.4 Review: Fear of Crime Theory, Cultivation Theory, and the Concept of Theater of Terrorism 30
3.4.1 Fear of Crime Theory 31
3.4.2 Cultivation Theory 32
3.4.3 The Concept of Theater of Terror 33
3.4.4 Concluding Remark for Reviewed Theories and Concept 36
3.5 Central Research Questions and Hypotheses 36
3.5.1 Research Questions: 36
3.5.2 Hypothesis 36
CHAPTER FOUR 39
CASE SELECTION 39
4.1 Terrorism in Turkey 41
4.2 ISIS Activities in Turkey and Reflection of Its Activities among the Turkish Public 43
CHAPTER FIVE 51
RESEARCH METHOD 51
5.1 Survey Analysis 52
5.1.1 Reasons for Choosing the World Values Survey 52
5.1.2 Basic information and description about Survey 55
5.1.3 Variables identification in Survey Analysis 58
5.1.4 Concluding Remarks 63
5.2 Twitter Analysis 64
5.2.1 The Importance of Twitter for Social Sciences, People, and Terrorist Organizations 65
5.2.2 Importance of Twitter for Turkey 66
5.2.3 Twitter Data Collection 67
5.2.4 Preparation of Tweets 70
5.2.5 Twitter Analysis Method 72
5.3 Interview: , 77
5.3.1 Selection of Participants 82
5.3.2 Issue of Trustworthiness, Ethical Procedures, and Considerations 84
CHAPTER SIX 86
RESULTS 86
6.1 Survey Findings 86
6.2 Twitter Analysis Results 91
6.2.1 Supportive Analysis 92
6.2.2 Dictionary-Based Analysis Results 96
6.2.3 Sentiment Analysis 98
6.3 Interview Results 99
6.3.1 Descriptive Information about Interview 100
6.3.2 Interview Findings 103
6.4 Concluding Remark for Results 133
CHAPTER SEVEN 135
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATION 135
7.1 Interpretation, and Discussion of Findings 135
7.2 Summary of Critical Arguments 147
7.3 Limitation of Dissertation and Recommendation for Further Research 150
REFERENCES 153
APPENDICES: 204
APPENDIX 1: Literature Search Strategy 204
APPENDIX 2: Most Cited Scholars in Terrorism Literature 204
APPENDIX 3: Terrorism in Turkey 204
APPENDIX 4: ISIS’ Recruitment Strategies 206
APPENDIX 5: History of ISIS 206
APPENDIX 6: WORLD VALUES SURVEY QUESTIONS 208
APPENDIX 7: Twitter Collection Criteria 210
APPENDIX 8: Description of Tweets 211
APPENDIX 9: Data Quality of Twitter Dataset 211
APPENDIX 10: Split-Half Test Results 212
APPENDIX 11: Double Check for Sentiment Analysis 213
APPENDIX 12: Interview Questions 213
APPENDIX 13: Interview Steps and Ethic Form 216
ETHICS FORM 216
APPENDIX 14: Pictures 218
APPENDIX 15: Descriptive Information about Wave 6 218
Wave 6: Worry about Terrorism-Age Wave 6: Worry about Terrorism and Gender 218
Wave 6: Worry about Terrorism and Income 219
APPENDIX 16: Descriptive Information about Wave 7 220
Worry about Terrorism and Age Worry about Terrorism and Gender 220
220
Worry about Terrorism and Education Worry about Terrorism and Income 221
APPENDIX 17: Most Frequent Words in Tweets 221
APPENDIX 18: Most Tweeted Users 222
APPENDIX 19: Most Followed Users 222
APPENDIX 20: Most Retweeted and Favorite Users 222
APPENDIX 21: Dictionary-based and Sentiment Analysis Results of Most Influential Users 223
Dictionary based Result Sentiment Results 223
APPENDIX 22: Mentions and Network Analysis 224
APPENDIX 23: Most Tweeted Day, Month, and Year 224
APPENDIX 24: Most Used Hashtags and Hashtag Analysis 224
APPENDIX 25: Locations of Users 225
APPENDIX 26: Ordinary tweets and Ordinary tweets about Ukraine War 226
APPENDIX 27: DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION ABOUT THE INTERVIEW 226
APPENDIX 28: The Formation of Terrorist Stereotypes in Participants’ Minds 229
APPENDIX 29: Have you ever seen ISIS's posts on social media or Twitter? 230
APPENDIX 30: How many of those hashtags have you seen on Twitter or other social media platform? 231

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