本論文旨在分析2018至2024年間美國孔子學院衰落的主要因素，並探討該現象背後的政治、經濟與學術自由等多方面的影響。本研究透過綜合性文獻回顧與案例分析，深入解析美國各大學在面對來自國防部研究經費影響下，對於孔子學院的重新評估及其所面臨的行政負擔與報告需求。孔子學院雖被中國視為傳播語言及文化的重要橋樑，隨著中美關係的惡化及各種政策的推動，美國社會對其態度也從最初的歡迎逐漸轉變為質疑。除了政治因素外，本研究也點出孔子學院的經濟困境，《2019財政年度國家授權法案》、《2021財政年度授權法案》公布施行後，各大學在財政壓力下，即使有來自中國國家漢辦的支持，亦難以持續維持這些學院的運作。本文中亦探討孔子學院所面對之學術自由爭議，尤其是在課程和活動中可能出現的政治干預問題，以及文化意識形態差異對美國社會接受孔子學院的影響。最後，本研究結論指出，這些因素的綜合影響導致美國孔子學院的逐步關閉，並為未來類似機構的運作與合作提出具體建議。

This thesis analyzes the multifaceted factors causing the decline of Confucius Institutes (CIs) in the United States from 2018 to 2024, from the political, economic, and academic perspectives.
Once seen as vital cultural bridges, CIs increasingly became sites of controversy due to concerns over academic freedom, transparency, and influence from the Chinese government. The research highlights how the intensification of U.S.-China relations played a crucial role in shifting public and governmental perceptions of CIs, which leads to a reevaluation of their presence on American university campuses.
Economic factors, such as the financial pressures on universities and the dependency on U.S. Department of Defense research funding, further complicated the viability of maintaining CIs. The thesis also explores the academic challenges these institutes faced, particularly the growing apprehension about potential political interference in curricula and the subsequent erosion of academic freedom. The thesis concludes by arguing that the convergence of these factors ultimately led to the gradual closure of Confucius Institutes across the United States, and offers specific recommendations for the future operation and collaboration of these institutes.

目錄
論文審定書 i
致謝 ii
摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目錄 v
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 文獻回顧 2
第三節 研究途徑與方法 7
第四節 研究範圍與研究限制 7
一、 研究範圍 7
二、 研究限制 7
第二章 孔子學院的全球擴展與在美發展的興衰 10
第一節 孔子學院在全球的擴張 10
第二節 孔子學院在美國的崛起與衰落 20
第三章 政治因素對孔子學院的影響 22
第一節 政治背景與影響 22
一、 孔子學院設立的歷史背景 25
二、 政治力量對孔子學院的影響 27
第二節 國際政治局勢與孔子學院 42
一、 國際緊張局勢與孔子學院的關聯 42
二、 國際政治變遷如何影響孔子學院在美國的地位 48
第三節 小結 51
第四章 經濟因素對孔子學院的影響 54
第一節 孔子學院的資金來源及營運模式 54
第二節 孔子學院與美國大學的經濟合作關係 59
第三節 經濟因素的影響如何導致孔子學院的關閉 61
第四節 國防授權法案的影響 64
一、 2019財政年度國防授權法案（FY2019 National Defense Authorization Act）的施行 65
二、 關於豁免流程的施行建議 65
三、 2021財政年度國防授權法案（FY2021 National Defense Authorization Act）的施行 69
四、 國防授權法案對設有孔子學院的大學造成的影響 70
五、 後續政府政策的改變 71
第五節 小結 72
第五章 學術自由因素對孔子學院的考量 73
第一節 學術自由的爭議 74
一、 學術獨立性與政治介入的衝突 74
二、 學界對孔子學院課程的質疑 76
第二節 文化意識形態的爭議 79
一、 中國政府對課程內容的影響 80
二、 美國社會對中國文化的接受度 81
第三節 小結 85
第六章 綜合因素對孔子學院帶來的影響 87
第一節 公眾輿論的形成 87
第二節 政府政策的變遷 90
一、 2014年史密斯於國會聽證會上的呼籲 90
二、 《國防授權法案》的通過與施行 90
三、 高等教育機構對《高等教育法》第117條規定的漠視 92
四、 2020年美國國務院將孔子學院美國中心列為駐外使團 93
五、 2021年1月《國家安全總統備忘錄-33》 94
六、 2021年3月〈孔子法案〉的通過 95
七、 2023年5月，佛羅里達州通過SB 846條法案 96
第三節 學院內部管理方式的調整 98
第七章 結論 104
第一節 研究發現 104
一、 政治因素的影響 104
二、 經濟因素的考量 105
三、 學術自由因素考量 105
四、 《國防授權法案》的影響 105
五、 綜合影響 106
六、 總結 106
第二節 研究建議 106
參考文獻 109

參考文獻
壹、中文部分
一、 中文專書
阿里夫.德里克(Arif Dirlik)作 ; 馮奕達譯，2018，《殖民之後：臺灣困境，「中國」霸權與全球化》，新北市：衛城出版。
二、 期刊論文
王添淼、于小珊，2018，〈美國孔子學院可持續發展標準、影響因素和策略〉，《海外華文教育》，2018年第4期：頁82-87。
李香， 2010，〈借鑒歌德學院淺析孔子學院發展中存在的問題〉，《商業文化（學術版）》，第4期：頁81-82。
李惠文、關春梅、龐暉，2017，〈當前國家漢辦外派教師赴美工作中存在的問題與對策〉，《雲南師範大學學報·對外漢語教學與研究版》15(3), 頁88-92。
林玉婷，2012，〈法語聯盟對孔子學院可持續發展的啟示〉，北京：外交學院碩士論文。
侯宏虹，2022年，〈新形勢下在美孔子學院的組織合法性問題研究〉，《四川大學學報（哲學社會科學版）》，2022年第2期，頁182-192。
唐京華、孫宏偉，2016，〈美國孔子學院發展的困境及其消解：基於政治文化視角〉，《理論觀察》，2016年第11期：頁89-92。。
徐蕙萍，2015，〈大陸推展「孔子學院」的現況與困境〉，《展望與探索》，第13 卷第2期，頁14-20。
馬豔豔，2018，〈探析美國孔子學院發展受阻的原因〉，《東方教育》，2018年第12期。
馬豔豔、何國蕊、何國忠，2016，＜評析孔子學院在美國的發展及遇到的問題＞，《中國社會科學院研究生院學報》，2016年第2期：頁140-144。
高玉娟、莊瑤瑤、李寶貴，2021，〈孔子學院建設的理念演進、實踐成效與發展路向〉，《遼寧師範大學學報（社會科學版）》，44(3)：頁101-109。
張虹倩、胡範鑄，2017，〈全球治理視域下的漢語國際教育及孔子學院建設:問題、因由與對策〉，《社會科學》，2017年第10期：頁26-35。
淩丁洋，2015，〈從孔子學院看中美關係〉南京：南京大學碩士論文。
郭大瑋，2009，〈法語聯盟對漢語國際推廣的啟示〉，北京：外交學院碩士論文。
曾蕊蕊，2010，<探析孔子學院的文化外交功能>，《文史資料》，第9期，頁：90-92。
董路，2015，〈法語聯盟和孔子學院的比較研究〉，瀋陽：瀋陽師範大學碩士論文。
劉麗平、蔣鑫鑫，2011，《從歌德學院看孔子學院可持續發展之路》,《當代教育與文化》第3期：頁83-87。
譚殷，2014，〈孔子學院在美發展受阻原因研究〉，四川：四川外國語大學碩士論文。
三、 官方文獻
國家漢辦，2011，《孔子學院章程》。（註：主管單位更改後，國家漢辦網站已無法檢視。）
國家漢辦，2017，《孔子學院總部資金管理辦法》。（註：主管單位更改後，國家漢辦網站已無法檢視。）

四、 網路資源
VOA，2020，〈美國兩黨學生領袖聯名簽署公開信要求永久關閉孔子學院〉，https://www.voachinese.com/a/leading-college-dems-and-republicans-combating-ccp-influence-on-campus/5437981.html，檢索日期：2023年2月22日。
William Yang，2019，〈澳大學中國教材曝光學生質疑紅色洗腦〉，《德國之聲》， 10 月 16 日。 https://reurl.cc/vaZK6k，檢索日期：2023年12月21日。
江真，2021，〈《習近平–全世界最有權勢的人》作者佳杰思：中國不能接受習近平作為傳記對像被寫成書〉，《美國之音》，11月17日。https://www.voacantonese.com/a/interview-Adrian-Geiges-on-Xi-Jinping-most-powerful-man-in-the-world-20211117/6316589.html，檢索日期：2024年4月1日。
自由亞洲電台網站，2014，〈專題：孔子學院引發中美交流陷阱〉，https://www.rfa.org/cantonese/features/hottopic/feature-sino-exchange-07092014110058.html，檢索日期：2024年1月12日。
沙磊（John Sudworth），2014，〈專訪：漢辦主任反駁孔子學院干擾學術自由〉，BBC NEWS中文，https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/china/2014/12/141229_confucius_interview，檢索日期：2024年3月12日。
郭君宇，2014，〈中方：孔子學院活動公開透明　從未干涉他國學術自由〉，人民網：http://politics.people.com.cn/n/2014/1205/c70731-26157886.html，檢索日期：2023年12月17日。
新華社，2012，〈國家主席胡錦濤致電祝賀奧巴馬當選連任美國總統〉，人民網：http://politics.people.com.cn/BIG5/n/2012/1107/c1001-19521506.html，檢索日期：2023年12月17日。
新華網，2018，〈習近平：思想再解放改革再深入工作再抓實　推動全面深化改革在新起點上實現新突破〉，http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-01/23/c_1122303539.htm，檢索日期：2024年3月12日。

貳、外文部分
English Books
American Association of University Professors. 1966. Statement on Government of Colleges and Universities. Washington, DC: American Association of University Professors.
Diamond, Larry, and Orville Schell. 2019. China's Influence and American Interests: Promoting Constructive Vigilance. Hoover Institution Press.
Hartig, Falk. 2014. “Confucius Institutes as innovative tools of China’s cultural diplomacy.” In Chinese Politics and International Relations, 21–144. London: Routledge.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Confucius Institutes at US Institutions of Higher Education: Waiver Criteria for the Department of Defense.
Peterson, Rachelle. 2017. Outsourced to China: Confucius Institutes and Soft Power in American Higher Education. Princeton, NJ: National Association of Scholars.
Sahlins, Marshall David. 2015. Confucius Institutes: academic malware. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press.

Journal Articles
Acquaye, Joseph Benibengor. 2020. “Western Perceptions on Confucius Institute Advancement of Chinese Language and Culture: A Narrative Review.” US-China Education Review 10(5): 185–199.
Brazys, Samuel, and Alexander Dukalskis. 2019. “Rising Powers and Grassroots Image Management: Confucius Institutes and China in the Media.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 12(4): 557–584.
Gill, Bates, and Yanzhong Huang. 2006. “Sources and Limits of Chinese ‘Soft Power’.” Survival 48(2): 17–36.
Huang, Ming. 2023. “Otherness and Suspiciousness: A Comparative Study of Public Opinions between the Confucius Institute and Goethe-Institut in Developing Countries.” Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 10(1): 428.
Kluver, Randolph. 2014. “The Sage as Strategy: Nodes, Networks, and the Quest for Geopolitical Power in the Confucius Institute.” Communication, Culture and Critique 7(2): 192–209.
Li, Hsi Chang, Sam Mirmirani, and Joseph A. Ilacqua. 2009. “Confucius Institutes: Distributed Leadership and Knowledge Sharing in a Worldwide Network.” The Learning Organization 16(6): 469–482.
Lien, Donald, and Catherine Yap Co. 2013. “The Effect of Confucius Institutes on U.S. Exports to China: A State Level Analysis.” International Review of Economic & Finance 27: 566–571.
Lum, Thomas, and Hannah Fischer. 2023. “Confucius Institutes in the United States: Selected Issues.” US Congressional Research Service: 127–144.
McCord, Edward A. 2014. “Confucius Institutes: Hardly a Threat to Academic Freedoms.” The Diplomat 27: 426–32.
Paradise, James F. 2009. “China and International Harmony: The Role of Confucius Institutes in Bolstering Beijing's Soft Power.” Asian Survey 49(4): 647–669.
Peterson, Rachelle, Ian Oxenvad, and Flora Yan. 2022. “After Confucius Institutes: China’s Enduring Influence on American Higher Education.” New York: National Association of Scholars.
Ren, Zhe. 2012. “The Confucius Institutes and China's Soft Power.” IDE Discussion Paper 330.
Repnikova, Maria. 2022. “Rethinking China’s Soft Power: ‘Pragmatic Enticement’ of Confucius Institutes in Ethiopia.” The China Quarterly 250: 440–463.
Selezneva, Natalia. 2021. “Learning Chinese in Vietnam: The Role of the Confucius Institute.” Russian Journal of Vietnam Studies 5(4): 71–86.
Starr, Don. 2009. “Chinese Language Education in Europe: the Confucius Institutes.” European Journal of Education 44(1): 65–82.
Walker, Christopher, and Jessica Ludwig. 2017. “The Meaning of Sharp Power: How Authoritarian States Project Influence.” Foreign Affairs 16(11).
Xie, Tao, and Benjamin I. Page. 2013. “What Affects China’s National Image? A Cross-National Study of Public Opinion.” Journal of Contemporary China 22(83): 850–867.
Yang, Rui. 2010. “Soft Power and Higher Education: An Examination of China’s Confucius Institutes.” Globalization, Societies and Education 8(2): 235–245.
Yeh, Yao-Yuan, Charles K. S. Wu, and Wei-Hao Huang. 2021. “China’s Soft Power and US Public Opinion.” Economic and Political Studies 9(4): 447–460.
Zaharna, Rhonda S. 2014. “China’s Confucius Institutes: Understanding the Relational Structure & Relational Dynamics of Network Collaboration.” Confucius Institutes and the Globalization of China’s Soft Power 9–32.
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Government Announcements
Federal Student Aid (FSA), Department of Education (ED). 2022. “Agency Information Collection Activities; Comment Request; Foreign Gifts and Contracts Disclosures.” Accessed February 17, 2024.
Foreign Affairs Committee. 2021. “McCaul, Foxx, Katko, McCarthy Urge Biden Administration to Resubmit Proposed Rule on Confucius Institutes.” Accessed March 5, 2024.
Trump, Donald. 2021. “Presidential Memorandum on United States Government-Supported Research and Development National Security Policy. National Security Presidential Memorandum-33.” Washington, DC: The White House. Accessed March 15, 2024.
U.S. Department of Education Office of the General Counsel. 2020. “Institutional Compliance with Section 117 of the Higher Education Act of 1965.” Accessed November 11, 2023.
U.S. Department of State. 2020. “'Confucius Institute U.S. Center' Designation as a Foreign Mission.” https://2017-2021.state.gov/confucius-institute-u-s-center-designation-as-a-foreign-mission/ Accessed March 4, 2024.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2019. “China: Agreements Establishing Confucius Institutes at U.S. Universities Are Similar, but Institute Operations Vary.” https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-19-278 Accessed March 4, 2024.
U.S. Government Accountability Office. 2023. “China: With Nearly All U.S. Confucius Institutes Closed, Some Schools Sought Alternative Language Support.” https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-24-105981 Accessed March 6, 2024.
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Laws and Bills
117th Congress (2021-2022). 2021. “S.590 - CONFUCIUS Act.” https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/senate-bill/590 Accessed March 17, 2024.
118th Congress (2023-2024). 2023. “H.R.1516 - DHS Restrictions on Confucius Institutes and Chinese Entities of Concern Act.” https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/1516 Accessed March 17, 2024.
118th Congress (2023-2024). 2023. “H.R.3889 - No Federal Funding for CCP Spying and Persuasion In Education Settings (SPIES) Act of 2023.” https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/3889/all-info Accessed March 17, 2024.
Deutscher Bundestag, Drucksache. 2021. https://dserver.bundestag.de/btd/19/271/1927109.pdf Accessed December 17, 2023.
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News Media
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Axelrod, Josh. 2019. “University Of Alaska Readies For Budget Slash: 'We May Likely Never Recover'.” NPR. https://www.npr.org/2019/07/03/738569508/university-of-alaska-readies-for-budget-slash-we-may-likely-never-recover Accessed February 16, 2024.
Bauer-Wolf, Jeremy. 2023. “Florida Public Colleges Need Permission to Take Grants from China, Other ‘Countries of Concern’ under New Law.” Higher Ed Dive. https://www.highereddive.com/news/florida-public-colleges-law-desantis-countries-concern-china/649843/ Accessed May 12, 2024.
Beal-Cvetko, Bridger. 2023. “Rep. Owens Attacks Foreign Influence on College Campuses as 'Profit Over Patriotism'.” KSL. https://www.ksl.com/article/50685894/rep-owens-attacks-foreign-influence-on-college-campuses-as-profit-over-patriotism Accessed May 12, 2024.
Bullard, Gabe. 2020. “Following Federal Pressure, UMD Will Close A Program That Had Chinese Government Support.” WAMU. https://wamu.org/story/20/01/17/following-federal-pressure-umd-will-close-a-program-that-had-chinese-government-support/ Accessed November 28, 2023.
Cruz, Ted. 2018. “Washington Post: New Sen. Cruz Bill Aims to Counter Chinese Espionage Efforts within American Universities.” The Washington Post. https://www.cruz.senate.gov/newsroom/press-releases/washington-post-new-sen-cruz-bill-aims-to-counter-chinese-espionage-efforts-within-american-universities Accessed March 1, 2024.
Devlin, Kat, and Christine Huang. 2019. “Few Europeans Confident in Xi as He Seeks to Extend Chinese Economic Influence in the Region.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/03/22/few-europeans-confident-in-xi-as-he-seeks-to-extend-chinese-economic-influence-in-the-region/ Accessed December 20, 2023.
Dunleavy, Jerry. 2020. “Stanford and Fordham Swept Up in Education Department Investigation into Chinese Influence.” Washington Examiner. https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/93923/stanford-and-fordham-swept-up-in-education-department-investigation-into-chinese-influence/ Accessed April 1, 2024.
Huang, Christine, Laura Silver, and Laura Clancy. 2024. “Americans Remain Critical of China.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2024/05/01/americans-remain-critical-of-china/ Accessed May 20, 2024.
Hunter, Fergus. 2019. “Universities Must Accept China's Directives on Confucius Institutes, Contracts Reveal.” The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/universities-must-accept-china-s-directives-on-confucius-institutes-contracts-reveal-20190724-p52ab9.html Accessed March 15, 2024.
Keene, Houston. 2023. “Rep. Jim Banks Demands Answers on 'Inadequate' DOD Confucius Institute Waiver Guidance: 'Agents' of the CCP.” Fox News. April 24. https://www.foxnews.com/politics/jim-banks-demands-answers-on-inadequate-dod-confucius-institute-waiver-guidance-agents-ccp Accessed March 6, 2024.
King, James, and Echo Hui. 2019. “Confucius Institute Chinese Language and Culture Teachers Must 'Love the Motherland' to Apply.” ABC News (Australia). https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-07-17/confucius-institute-teachers-must-love-the-motherland/11299744 Accessed December 20, 2023.
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