1949年國共內戰結束後，中國共產黨全面控制中國大陸。在1950年1月，英國宣佈與中華民國斷交，並且承認中華人民共和國為中國的唯一合法政府；雖然並未與其建交，但卻成為第一個承認中共政權的西方國家。這一舉動相當令人意外，因為1945年二戰結束後隨即開始的冷戰，基本上已經將當時的世界各國分成了共產陣營及反共陣營，英國身為反共陣營的第二號國家，卻在遠東的中國做出了一個與美國全然不同的決定。美國與英國皆屬於盎格魯撒克遜文化的源頭，也被視為是帝國主義及現實主義的國家，且兩個國家在歐洲站在同一陣線，有著幾乎相同的外交政策，為何在亞洲卻如此不同呢？
由於當時中國共產黨的外交政策基本上是倒向蘇聯，而美國的在華貿易利益也不容被忽視。從結構現實主義及追求功利心態的經濟自由主義來進行解釋似乎有一些不足之處。本研究使用建構主義中所強調的互動過程，從駐華外交官對於國民黨及共產黨有著不同的看法及態度。藉由個人的分析層次，以微觀的角度在中探討外交官在外交決策的過程中的角色。

After the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party had nearly controlled the Mainland of China. What surprisingly happened next, the United Kingdom recognized the People’s Republic of China as the only one legal Chinese Government, and therefore cut the diplomatic ties with the Republic of China government which had retreated to Taiwan. The Cold War comes right after the Second World War and had divided the world into two campaigns, which is the Communist and Anti-Communist campaign, being the Second Country of the Anti-Communist Campaign, the UK had a very different foreign policy towards China with the US while its policy in Europe stands together. With both had the background of the culture of Anglo-Saxon, and both consider as Imperialism Countries, also two countries stand together in Europe. Why there is such difference in Asia.
The PRC’s foreign policy, in the beginning, appears to stand fully with the Soviet Union. The trade interest between the US and China can’t be ignored, either. As it can’t be explained with the Neorealism and the neoliberalism, maybe it is the intersubjectivity in the Constructivism. Which in this article comes to the diplomat in China during that time, and their attitude differences between KMT and CCP after the interaction between them, might be able to explain the reason why leads the two countries divided when they are supposed to stand together.

論文審定書 i
中文摘要 ii
英文摘要 iii
第一章　緒論 1
第一節、研究問題 1
第二節、文獻回顧 4
第三節、研究假設 14
第四節、研究設計與方法 16
第五節、研究架構與限制 19
第二章 英美官方與國共兩黨的接觸 21
第一節 美國外交人員與國民黨及共產黨的觀察 21
第二節 英國外交人員與國民黨及共產黨的觀察 44
第三節 小結 54
第三章 英美中央官僚對國共兩黨的解讀 57
第一節 美國中央官僚的解讀 57
第二節 英國中央官僚的解讀 65
第三節 小結 69
第四章 中國與英美的貿易狀況 71
第一節 中美與中英的貿易起源 71
第二節 中美與中英貿易狀況 73
第三節 小結 80
第五章 結論 81
第一節 研究發現 81
第二節 政策建議 83
參考文獻 85

一、中文文獻
（一）專書

中國第二歷史檔案館、中國海關總署辦公廳、中國舊海關史料編輯委員會編，2001，《中國舊海關史料（1859-1948）》，京華出版社。
姜中才、于占杰譯，埃德溫馬丁著，2016。《抉擇與分歧：英美對共產黨在中國勝利的反應》，社會科學文獻出版社。
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（二）期刊

孔凡河，2005。〈從司徒雷登北平之行夭折透視杜魯門政府對華政策〉，《黨史研究與教學》，第二卷，頁52-56。
李敏智、施浚龍，2011。〈美國杜魯門總統與中華民國之關係〉，《東海圖書館館訊》，頁121。
杜勝平，2008。〈西方政黨對外交決策的影響〉，《當代世界》，第3卷，頁42-44。
唐明輝，2011。〈國共內戰美國的介入及其對華政策〉，《南亞學報第》，30期，頁585-596。
奚慶慶、張生，2012。〈國共內戰前後英國對中共態度的轉變〉，《民國檔案》，第1卷，頁127-133。
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鄒冠秀，2002。〈英國均勢外交政策及其文化淵源〉，《龍岩師專學報》，第20卷，第1期，頁46-48。
 
二、英文文獻
（一）期刊

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（二）專書

Beach, D. and Pedersen, R. B. (2019). Process-tracing methods: Foundations and guidelines. University of Michigan Press.
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Horowitz, R. (2020). The Opium Wars of 1839–1860. In S. Haggard & D. Kang (Eds.), East Asia in the World: Twelve Events That Shaped the Modern International Order (pp. 164-187). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Samuels, W. J., Biddle, J., and Davis, J. B. (Eds.). (2003). A companion to the history of economic thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
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（三）網路資料

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Lindsay Gorman (April 2021). Do China’s ‘wolf warrior’ diplomats really have any bite? Financial News, 檢索日期：2021/06/22 來源：https://www.ft.com/content/7e508af8-0b35-4610-b52d-8c9e3e888a91
Rafael Behr (Feb, 2019). Deal and no Deal, both Labour and the Tories will Spilt over Brexit, The Gaurdian, 檢索日期：2019/3/13來源： https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/feb/12/deal-no-deal-labour-tories-brexit-may-corbyn
Shirley Martey Hargis (June 2021). Xi defangs the ‘Wolf Warrior’, Politico, 檢索日期：2021/06/21 來源：https://www.politico.com/newsletters/politico-china-watcher/2021/06/03/xi-defangs-the-wolf-warrior-493098#
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（四）官方檔案

China: Political Situation: General File , Series 3: Burma Office Annual Files (1930s-1940s): 1941, IOR/M/3/1073, The British Library Board. All Rights Reserved.
Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1939, The Far East, Volume III, eds. Matilda Axton &Rogers Churchill &Francis Prescott &John Reid &N. O. Sappington &Louis Gates and Shirley Phillips (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1955), Document 130.
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Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1943, China, eds. G. Bernard Noble & E. R. Perkins (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1957), Document 201.
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1944, China, Volume VI, eds. E. Ralph Perkins & S. Everett Gleason & John G. Reid & Velma Hastings Cassidy & Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Gustave A. Nuermberger & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1967), Document 2.
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Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Far East, China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Velma H. Cassidy & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1969), Document 126.
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Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Far East, China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Velma H. Cassidy & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1969), Document 149.
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Far East, China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Velma H. Cassidy & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1969), Document 530.
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Far East, China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Velma H. Cassidy & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1969), Document 550.
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Far East, China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Velma H. Cassidy & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1969), Document 558.
Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Far East, China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Velma H. Cassidy & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1969), Document 576.
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Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 30.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 33.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 35.
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Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 240.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 242.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 243.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East: China, Volume X, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Francis C. Prescott & Velma H. Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 1.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East: China, Volume X, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Francis C. Prescott & Velma H. Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 18.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East: China, Volume X, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Francis C. Prescott & Velma H. Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 19.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946, The Far East: China, Volume X, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & Francis C. Prescott & Velma H. Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 57.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, The Far East: China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph E. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & John G. Reid & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 86.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, The Far East: China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph E. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & John G. Reid & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 87.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, The Far East: China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph E. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & John G. Reid & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 90.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1947, The Far East: China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph E. Goodwin & Herbert A. Fine & John G. Reid & Francis C. Prescott (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1972), Document 527.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, The Far East: China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Francis C. Prescott & Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973), Document 70.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, The Far East: China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Francis C. Prescott & Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973), Document 310.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, The Far East: China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Francis C. Prescott & Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973), Document 311.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, The Far East: China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Francis C. Prescott & Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973), Document 318.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, The Far East: China, Volume VII, eds. Ralph R. Goodwin & Francis C. Prescott & Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1973), Document 320.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 208.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 737.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 748.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 751.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 756.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 757.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 759.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 784.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 788.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 868.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 882.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 885.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 889.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 1153.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 1154.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 1155.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 1156.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 1159.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 1162.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume VIII, eds. Francis Prescott＆Ralph Goodwin＆Herbert Fine and Velma Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1978), Document 1163.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Francis C. Prescott ＆ Herbert A. Fine ＆ Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974), Document 3.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Francis C. Prescott ＆ Herbert A. Fine ＆ Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974), Document 7.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Francis C. Prescott ＆ Herbert A. Fine ＆ Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974), Document 14.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Francis C. Prescott ＆ Herbert A. Fine ＆ Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974), Document 19.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Francis C. Prescott ＆ Herbert A. Fine ＆ Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974), Document 23.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Francis C. Prescott ＆ Herbert A. Fine ＆ Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974), Document 94.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Francis C. Prescott ＆ Herbert A. Fine ＆ Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974), Document 96.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Francis C. Prescott ＆ Herbert A. Fine ＆ Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974), Document 135.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Francis C. Prescott ＆ Herbert A. Fine ＆ Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974), Document 793.
Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Far East: China, Volume IX, eds. Francis C. Prescott ＆ Herbert A. Fine ＆ Velma Hastings Cassidy (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1974), Document 1095.
"Situation in China: visit of General Marshall: abandonment of United States mediation in Communist-Kuomintang negotiations (Folder 7) " (Government Papers, The National Archives, Kew, 1947). Accessed [December 11, 2020]. https://www.archivesdirect.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/FO_371_63323
"Situation in China: visit of General Marshall: abandonment of United States mediation in Communist-Kuomintang negotiations (Folder 8) " (Government Papers, The National Archives, Kew, 1947). Accessed [December 11, 2020]. https://www.archivesdirect.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/FO_371_63324
"Political situation in China: relations with Communists (Folder 1)" (Government Papers, The National Archives, Kew, 1945). Accessed [July 16, 2020]. http://www.archivesdirect.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/FO_371_46164
"Political situation in China: relations with Communists (Folder 4)" (Government Papers, The National Archives, Kew, 1945). Accessed [December 11, 2020]. https://www.archivesdirect.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/FO_371_46167
"Political situation in China. Situation reports from Nanking. Communist government in North China. Possible British Subject evacuation. Economic situation in China (Folder 1) " (Government Papers, The National Archives, Kew, 1948). Accessed [December 11, 2020]. https://www.archivesdirect.amdigital.co.uk/Documents/Details/FO_371_69527
The National Archives' reference, CAB 128/13/40
The National Archives' reference, CAB 128/16 CM 72(49)
The National Archives' reference, CAB 129/31/29.
The National Archives' reference, CAB 129/39/23.
The National Archives' reference, CAB 195/6/65, C.M. 80(48)