本研究根據推拉理論探討閱聽人對主持人之好感程度、節目網路口碑、對節目之認同、目的地意象，以及旅遊意願之間的關係，研究分析閱聽人對節目之認同如何在對主持人之好感程度、網路口碑與旅遊意願之間扮演中介角色，同時探討目的地意象對節目認同與旅遊意願關係的調節效果。
本研究之研究對象為觀看過「綜藝玩很大」節目的閱聽人，共收集到208份有效問卷，數據分析主要利用IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0軟體進行假說檢定，並使用AMOS軟體進行驗證性因素分析(CFA)，以檢驗整體模型的適配度。
統計分析結果顯示，本研究的整體模型適配度良好。實證結果揭示：(1) 閱聽人對主持人的好感度越高，對節目的認同感也越高；(2) 節目的網路口碑越正面，閱聽人對節目的認同感也越高；(3) 閱聽人對節目的認同感越強，其旅遊意願也越高；(4) 節目認同在主持人好感度與網路口碑及旅遊意願之間均具有中介效果。
根據上述分析結果，本研究建議，提升主持人的個人魅力可有效增加閱聽人對節目的好感度，並需關注及管理網路口碑，以增強節目的正面認同感。這些措施可以進一步提高閱聽人到特定目的地的旅遊意願。另一方面，本研究從對主持人之好感程度與網路口碑的角度出發，檢視如何透過節目認同的中介效果，來影響旅遊意願，也填補了既有文獻對這三者關係的研究缺口。最後，本研究在結論中討論了實務意涵，並提出了研究限制與未來研究建議，以供後續研究和節目製作人及旅遊業參考。

This study aims to explore the interrelationships among the audience's liking for the host, electronic word-of-mouth, program identification, travel intention, and the image of the destination. Utilizing the push-pull theory as the theoretical foundation, this research analyzes how to program identification has a mediating effect on the relationships between the host's likability, electronic word-of-mouth, and travel intention, while also examining the moderating effect of the destination image.
The subjects of the study were viewers who had watched the show "Mr. Player," with a total of 235 questionnaires collected. Data analysis was primarily conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 software, which included descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. Additionally, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was performed using AMOS software to test the overall model fit.
The empirical results revealed that: (1) The higher the audience's liking for the host, the higher their identification with the program; (2) The more positive the electronic word-of-mouth about the program, the higher the audience's program identification; (3) The stronger the audience's program identification, the higher their travel intention; (4) Program identification has a mediating effect between the host's likability, electronic word-of-mouth, and travel intention.
Based on the above analysis, this study suggests that enhancing the personal charm of the host can effectively increase the audience's favorability, and attention should be paid to managing electronic word-of-mouth to strengthen positive program identification. These measures could further enhance the audience's travel intention. Additionally, this study investigates travel intention from the perspectives of the host's likability and electronic word-of-mouth, positioning program identification as a mediating variable. This fills the research gap in previous studies concerning these relationships and discusses practical implications in the conclusions. Recommendations for future research and suggestions for program producers and the tourism industry are also provided, serving as a reference for subsequent studies.

論文審定書 i
誌 謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
Abstract iv
目 錄 v
圖 次 vi
表 次 vii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 4
第二章 文獻探討 6
第一節 推拉理論 6
第二節 變數介紹 9
第三節 假說推導 20
第三章 研究方法 27
第一節 研究架構 27
第二節 研究樣本 29
第三節 變數操作型定義與衡量方式 33
第四節 統計分析方法 42
第四章 資料分析與結果 43
第一節 模型的檢測 43
第二節 相關分析 45
第三節 層級迴歸分析與假說檢定 47
第五章 結論與建議 57
第一節 研究結果討論 58
第二節 研究意涵 61
第三節 研究限制與未來研究建議 64
參考文獻 66
附錄-問卷 78

一、中文部份
大數據關鍵引擎KEYPO (2017)。網友最愛節目主持人風雲榜登場！亞洲舞王羅志祥不敵亞洲統神張嘉航。網路溫度計，2017/7/27，取自https://tw.appledaily.com/entertainment/20170727/RAND34KWJIFNAGECXDFWHDEOCE/
張培梁(2008)。如何打造名牌主持人。理論觀察，第6期，頁162-163。
郭良文(1998)。台灣近年來廣告中認同之建構-解析商品化社會的認同與傳播意涵。新聞學研究，第57卷，頁127-157。
陳運欽(2002)。觀光地意象認知與旅遊選擇意願之研究。銘傳大學未出版之碩士論文。
陳艷彩(2009)。分眾時代電視節目主持人品牌化經營。湖南大學工業大學學報社會科學版，第14卷，第4期，頁102-105。
陳怡如、莊鎧溫(2015)。大學生對旅遊目的地意象、旅遊意願之影響─以香港迪士尼旅遊微電影「幸福的原點」為例。休閒運動健康評論，第6卷，第1期，頁68-84。
陳沛悌、巫哲緯、裴蕾(2020)。影視節目觀光景點置入對涉入、地方依附與旅遊意願影響之研究。觀光與休閒管理期刊，第8卷，第2期，頁124-142。
黃啟明(2001)。國民中學高關懷學生休閒參與、休閒阻礙與期望參與之相關研究。體育學報，第32卷，頁215-228。
新聞工作手冊編輯委員會編輯部(1985)。新聞工作手冊。北京：新華出版社。取自https://baike.baidu.hk/item/%E7%AF%80%E7%9B%AE%E4%B8%BB%E6%8C%81%E4%BA%BA/7739316
楊聖緯(2022)。綜藝節目腳本的編寫方法。臺北城市科技大學通識學報，第11卷，第1期，頁73-85。
謝章富(1988)。電視節目主持人的角色定位。藝術學報，第42卷，頁237-252。


二、英文部份
Afshardoost, M., & Eshaghi, M. (2020). Destination image and tourist behavioural intentions: A meta-analysis. Tourism Management, 81, 104154.
Ahearne, M., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Gruen, T. (2005). Antecedents and Consequences of Customer-Company Identification: Expanding the Role of Relationship Marketing. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 574–585.
Ajzen, I. (1985). From Intentions to Actions: A Theory of Planned Behavior. Springer.
Akdeniz, B., Calantone, R. J., & Voorhees, C. M. (2013). Effectiveness of marketing cues on consumer perceptions of quality: the moderating roles of brand reputation and third-party information. Psychology & Marketing, 30, 1, 76–89.
Albert, N., Merunka, D., & Valette-Florence, P. (2008). When consumers love their brands: exploring the concept and its dimensions. Journal of Business Research, 61, 10, 1062–1075.
Alicke, M. D., Braun, J. C., Glor, J. E., Klotz, K. L., Magee, J., Sederholm, H., & Siegel, R. (1992). Complaining Behavior in Social Interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(3), 286 –295.
Alwitt, L. F. (1987). Components of the likeability of advertising. Presentation to the Stellner Symposium on Uses of Cognitive Psychology in Advertising and Marketing. University of Illinois.
An, J., Do, D., Ngo, L., & Quan, T. (2019). Turning brand credibility into positive word-of-mouth: integrating the signaling and social identity perspectives. Journal of Brand Management, 26, 157-175.
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. A. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Organizational Psychology, 2, 4-27.
Ashforth, B. E., Harrison, S. H., & Corley, K. G. (2008). Identification in organizations: An examination of four fundamental questions. Journal of Management, 34(3), 325–374.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Dholakia, U. M. (2006). Antecedents and purchase consequences of customer participation in small group brand communities. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 23, 45-61.
Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897.
Barnes, B., Chen, A., Kladou, S., & Peng, N. (2022). Cultivating a sense of belonging and promoting sports fans’ travel intentions: Evidence from an emerging economy market. Tourism Analysis, 27(3), 285-297.
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Beerli, A., & Martín, J. D. (2004). Factors influencing destination image. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 657–681.
Bello, D. C., & Etzel, M. J. (1985). The rate of novelty in pleasure travel experiences. Journal of Travel Research 24(1), 20-26.
Berkman, H., Lindquist, J., & Sirgy, M. J. (1997). Consumer behavior: Concepts and marketing strategy. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books.
Bhattacharya, C. B., & Sen, S. (2003). Consumer-company identification: A framework for understanding consumers' relationships with companies. Journal of Marketing, 67(2), 76–88.
Bigne, J. E., Sanchez, M. I., & Sanchez, J. (2001). Tourism image, evaluation variables and after purchase behaviour: Inter-relationship. Tourism Management, 22(6), 607–616.
Birgit, L. (2001). Image segmentation: The case of a tourism destination. Journal of Service Marketing, 15(1): 49-66.
Buhalis, D. (2003). Etourism: Information Technologies for Strategic Tourism Management. Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
Buhler, P. M. (1992). “The keys to shaping behavior”, Supervision, 53(1), 18-21.
Byrne, B. (2005). Factor Analysis: Confirmatory. Wiley Online Library.
Carballo, M. M., Arana, J. E., Leon, C. J., & Moreno-Gil, S. (2015). Economic valuation of tourism destination image. Tourism Economics, 21(4), 741–759.
Cha, S., McCleary, K. W., & Uysal, M. (1995). Travel Motivations of Japanese Overseas Travelers: A Factor-Cluster Segmentation Approach. Journal of Travel Research, 34 (2), 33-39.
Chaiken, S. (1980). Heuristic Versus Systematic Information Processing and the Use of Source Versus Message Cues in Persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39 (5), 752-766
Chaiken, S., & Eagly, A. H. (1983). Communication Modality as a Determinant of Persuasion: The Role of Communicator Salience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45 (2), 241-256
Channel Advisor (2011). Global consumer shopping habits survey. Retrieved from: Channel advisor. Web site: www.channeladvisor.com.
Chaudhuri, A., & Holbrook, M. B. (2001). The chain of effects from brand trust and brand affect to brand performance: The role of brand loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 65(2), 81–93.
Chaulagain, S., Wiitala, J., & Fu, X. (2019). The impact of country image and destination image on US tourists’ travel intention. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 12, 1-11.
Chen, C. C., Lai, Y. H. R., Petrick, J. F., & Lin, Y. H. (2016). Tourism between divided nations: An examination of stereotyping on destination image. Tourism Management, 55, 25–36.
Chen, Y., Wang, Q., & Xie, J. (2011). Online social interactions: A natural experiment on word of mouth versus observational learning. Journal of Marketing Research, 48(2), 238–254.
Chernatony, L. D. (1999). Brand Management Through Narrowing the Gap Between Brand Identity and Brand Reputation. Journal of Marketing Management, 15, 157-179.
Chevalier, J. A., & Mayzlin, D. (2006). The Effect of Word of Mouth on Sales: Online Book Reviews. Journal of Marketing Research, 43, 345-354.
Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(4), 624–636.
Chung, M., Munno, G. J., & Moritz, B. (2015). Triggering participation: exploring the effects of third person and hostile media perceptions on online participation. Computers in Human Behavior 53, 452–461.
Chung, M. (2017). Not just numbers: the role of social media metrics in online news evaluations. Computers in Human Behavior 75: 949–957.
Chung, M., Seo, Y. N., Jung, Y., & Lee, D. (2023). Agenda-setting in social TV: How and when user comments influence perceived issue importance. New Media and Society, 25(6), 1394-1411.
Chung, M. Y. C. (2000). How positively do they talk? An investigation on how self-promotion motive induces consumers to give positive word-of-mouth. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver.
Cialdini, R. B. (1993). Influence: Science and Practice (3rd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
Conlin, L., & Roberts, C. (2016). Presence of online reader comments lowers news site credibility. Newspaper Research Journal 37(4), 365–376.
Connell, J. (2005). Toddlers, Tourism and Tobermory: Destination Marketing Issues and Television-induced Tourism. Tourism Management 26, 763–776.
Cornwell, T. B., & Coote, L. V. (2005). Corporate sponsorship of a cause: the role of identification in purchase intent. Journal of Business Research, 58 (3), 268-276.
Crompton, J. L. (1979). An Assessment of the Image of Mexico as a Vacation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location upon That Image. Journal of Travel Research, 17(4), 18-24.
Croy, W. G. (2010). Planning for film tourism: Active destination image management.
Dadgostar, B., & Isotalo, R. M. (1992). Factors affecting time spent by near-home tourists in city destination. Journal of Travel Research, 31(2), 34-39.
Dann, G. M. S. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4, 184-194.
Dann, G. M. S. (1981). Tourist motivation: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8, 187-219.
Dean, D., & Suhartanto, D. (2019). The formation of visitor behavioral intention to creative tourism: the role of push–Pull motivation. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24(5), 393–403.
Del Rio, A. B., Vazquez, R., & Iglesias, V. (2001). The effects of brand associations on consumer response. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18, 410-425.
Deng, Q., & Li, M. (2014). A model of event–destination image transfer. Journal of Travel Research, 53(1), 69–82.
Dolinting, E., Yusof, A., & Soon, C. (2015). Application of Push & Pull Theory in Island Sport Tourism: A Study of Sipadan Island, Sabah. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15, 295-304.
Doney, P. M., & Cannon, J. P. (1997). An examination of the nature of trust in buyer–seller relationships. Journal of Marketing, 61(2), 35–51.
Drezner, N., & Pizmony-Levy, O. (2020). I Belong, Therefore, I Give? The Impact of Sense of Belonging on Graduate Student Alumni Engagement. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 50, 753 - 777.
Dukynaitė, R., & Dudaitė, J. (2017). Influence of school factors on students’ sense of school belonging. New Educational Review, 47(1), 39–52.
Dunn, J. R., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2005). Feeling and Believing: The Influence of Emotion on Trust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(5), 736–748.
Dutton, J. E., Dukerich, J. M., & Harquail, C. V. (1994). Organizational images and member identification. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39(2), 239–263.
Echtner, C., & Ritchie, J. (1993). The Measurement of Destination Image: An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3-13.
Ellonen, H., Tarkiainen, A., & Kuivalainen, O. (2010). The effect of website usage and virtual community participation on brand relationships. International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 6, 85-105.
Engel, J. F., Blackwell, R. D., & Miniard, P. W. (1993). Consumer Behavior (8th ed.). Fort Worth: Dryden Press.
Epperson, A. (1983). Why people travel. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance – Leisure Today, 54(4), 53–54.
Evan, M. (1997). Plugging into TV tourism. Insights: The Tourism Marketing Intelligence Service 1996/97, March. London: British Tourist Authority/English Tourist Board.
Fakeye, P. C., & Crompton, J. L. (1991). Image difference between prospective, first-time, and repeat visitors to the lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Travel Research, 30(2), 10–16.
Folkes, V. S. (1988). Recent attribution research in consumer behavior: A review and new directions. Journal of Consumer Research, 14(4), 548-565.
Fournier, S. (1998). Consumers and their brands: Developing relationship theory in consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 24(4), 343–373.
Fromkin, V., & Rodman, R. (1993). An introduction to language. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Frost, W. (2006). Bravehearted Ned Kelly: Historic Films, Heritage Tourism and Destination Image. Tourism Management, 27, 247–254.
Gallarza, M. G., Saura, I. G., & García, H. C. (2002). Destination image: Towards a conceptual framework. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 56–78.
Gartner, W. C. (1994). Image formation process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2–3), 191–216.
Griffen, J. (1995). Talk of the town. Marketing Tools, 72-6.
Gunn, C. A. (1972). Vacations cape: Designing tourist regions. Austin: University of Texas. Bureau of Business Research.
Gupta, N., & Shaw, J. D. (1998). “Let the evidence speak: financial incentives are effective!”, Compensation and Benefits Review, 30 (2), 26-31.
Hackleman, E. C., & Duker, J. M. (1980). “Deal proneness and heavy usage: merging two segmentation criteria”, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 8, 332-344.
Hahm, J., & Wang, Y. (2011). Film-Induced Tourism as a Vehicle for Destination Marketing: Is It Worth the Efforts? Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 28, 165-179.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). Pearson.
Hallmann, K., Zehrer, A., & Müller, S. (2015). Perceived Destination Image. Journal of Travel Research, 54, 106 - 94.
Hanlan, J., & Kelly, S. (2005). Image formation, information sources and an iconic Australian tourist destination. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(2), 163-177.
He, H., & Li, Y. (2011). CSR and Service Brand: The Mediating Effect of Brand Identification and Moderating Effect of Service Quality. Journal of Business Ethics, 100, 673-688.
He, H. W., & Mukherjee, A. (2009). Corporate identity and consumer marketing: A process model and research agenda. Journal of Marketing Communications, 15(1), 1–16.
He, H., Li, Y., & Harris, L. (2012). Social identity perspective on brand loyalty. Journal of Business Research, 65(5), 648-657.
Hennig-Thurau, T., & Walsh, G. (2003). Electronic Word-of-Mouth: Motives for and Consequences of Reading Customer Articulations on the Internet. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 8, 51-74.
Hennig-Thurau, T., Gwinner, K. P., Walsh, G., & Gremler, D. D. (2004). Electronic word-of-mouth via consumer-opinion platforms: What motivates consumers to articulate themselves on the internet? Journal of Interactive Marketing, 18(1), 38-52.
Hills, T. (2014). The Power of a Compliment. Retrieved from http://persuasion-and-influence.blogspot.com/2014/02/the-power-of-compliment.html
Holmes, J. H., & Lett, J. D. (1977). Product sampling and word of mouth. Journal of Advertising Research, 17 (5), 35-40.
Horng, J., Liu, C., Chou, H., & Tsai, C. (2012). Understanding the impact of culinary brand equity and destination familiarity on travel intentions. Tourism Management, 33, 815-824.
Hu, Y., & Ritchie, J. B. R. (1993). Measuring destination attractiveness: A contextual approach. Journal of Travel Research, 32(2), 25–34.
Hudson, S., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2006). Promoting destination via film tourism：An empirical identification of supporting marketing initiatives. Journal of Travel Research, 44, 387-396.
Hunt, J. D. (1975). Image as a factor in tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 13(3), 1–7.
Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1982). Toward a social psychological theory of tourism motivation: A rejoinder. Annals of Tourism Research, 9(2), 256–262.
Jalilvand, M., Samiei, N., Dini, B., & Manzari, P. (2012). Examining the structural relationships of electronic word of mouth, destination image, tourist attitude toward destination and travel intention: an integrated approach. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 1, 134-143.
Jalilvand, M. R., & Samiei, N. (2012). The impact of electronic word of mouth on a tourism destination choice. Testing the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Internet Research, 22 (5), 591-612.
Jang, S., Bai, B., Hu, C., & Wu, C. M. (2009). Affect, travel motivation, and travel intention: A senior market. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 33(1), 51-73.
Jang, S., & Cai, L. A. (2002). Travel motivations and destination choice: A study of British outbound market. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 13, 304-324.
Jeeyeon, H., & Youcheng, W. (2011). Film-Induced tourism as a vehicle for destination marketing: is it worth the efforts? Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28(2), 165-179.
Jenkins, O. (1997). Understanding and measuring tourist destination images.
Jensen, P. M., & Hyldig, M. V. (2020). The Power of Likeability. Retrieved from https://projekter.aau.dk/projekter/files/334375776/Jensen__P._M.___Hyldig__M.__2020__The_Power_of_Likeability
Jewell, B., & Mckinnon, S. (2008). Movie Tourism - A New Form of Cultural Landscape? Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 24(2-3), 153-162.
Jiménez, F. R., & Mendoza, N. A. (2013). Too popular to ignore: The influence of online reviews on purchase intentions of search and experience products. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 27(3), 226–235.
Jones, G. R., & George, J. M. (1998). The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork. The Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 531–546.
Kamalasena, B., & Sirisena, A. (2021). The Impact of Online Communities and E Word of mouth on Purchase Intention of Generation Y: The Mediating Role of Brand Trust. Sri Lanka Journal of Marketing.
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media, Business Horizons, 53(1), 59–68.
Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Kenrick, D. T., Neuberg, S. L., & Cialdini, R. B. (2002). Social Psychology: Unraveling the Mystery (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Kim, H., & Richardson, S. (2003). Motion Picture Impacts on Destination Images. Annals of Tourism Research 30, 216–237.
Kim, S. S., Lee, C., & Klenosky, D. B. (2003). The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks. Tourism Management, 24(2), 169–180.
Klein, L. R. (1998). Evaluating the potential of interactive media through a new lens: Search versus experience goods. Journal of Business Research, 41(3), 196-203.
Klenosky, D. B. (2002). The ‘pull’ of tourism destinations: A means-end investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 385–395.
Koo, C., Joun, Y., Han, H., & Chung, N. (2016). A structural model for destination travel intention as a media exposure: Belief-desire-intention model perspective. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 28, 1338-1360.
Lai, K., & Li, X. (2016). Tourism Destination Image. Journal of Travel Research, 55, 1065 - 1080.
Lam, T., & Hsu, C. (2006). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27, 589-599.
Lastovicka, J. L., & Gardner, D. M. (1978). Components of involvement. In Maloney, J.C. and Silverman, B. (eds), Attitude Research Plays for High Stakes, American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL, 53-73.
Laverie, D. A., & Arnett, D. B. (2000). Factors affecting fan attendance: The influence of identity salience and satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(2), 225–246.
Lawler, E. E., III. (1984). The Strategic Design of Reward Systems. In C. Fombrun, N. Tichy, & M. Devanna (eds.), Strategic Human Resource Management, 127–147. New York: Wiley.
Lawson, F., & Baud-Bovy, M. (1997). Tourism and Recreational Development. London: Architectural Press.
Lee, E. J., Jang, Y. J., & Chung, M. (2021). When and how user comments affect news readers’ personal opinion: perceived public opinion and perceived news position as mediators. Digital Journalism 9(1), 42–63.
Lee, G., O’Leary, J. T., & Hong, G. S. (2002). Visiting propensity predicted by destination image: German long-haul pleasure travelers to the U.S. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 3(2), 63-92.
Lewicki, R. J., McAllister, D. J., & Bies, R. J. (1998). Trust and distrust: New relationships and realities. The Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 438–458.
Lichtenstein, D. R., Drumwright, M. E., & Braig, B. M. (2004). The Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on Customer Donations to Corporate-Supported Nonprofits. Journal of Marketing, 68, 16-32.
Lim, B. C., & Chung, C. M. Y. (2011). The impact of word-of-mouth communication on attribute evaluation, Journal of Business Research, 64(1), 18–23.
Long, M. M., & Shiffman, L. G. (2000). Consumption values and relationships: Segmenting the market for frequency programs. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 17, 214-232.
Lovett, M., Peres, R., & Shachar, R. (2013). On Brands and Word of Mouth. Journal of Marketing Research, 50, 427 - 444.
MacKay, K., & Fesenmaier, D. (1997). Pictorial element of destination in image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 24, 537-565.
Madhavaram, S., Badrinarayanan, V. A., & McDonald, R. E. (2005). Integrated marketing communication (imc) and brand identity as critical components of brand equity strategy: A Conceptual Framework and Research Propositions. Journal of Advertising, 34, 69 - 80.
Mansfeld, Y. (1992). From motivation to actual travel. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 399-419.
Mayo, E. J., & Jarvis, L. P. (1981). The Psychology of Leisure Travel, Boston, MA: CBI Publishing.
McAlexander, J. H., Schouten, J. W., & Koenig, H. F. (2002). Building brand community. Journal of Marketing, 66, 38 - 54.
McIntosh, R. W., & Goeldner, C. R. (1990). Tourism: Principles, practices, philosophies (6th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
McLaughlin, C. (2016). Source credibility and consumers' responses to marketer involvement in Facebook brand communities: What causes consumers to engage? Journal of Interactive Advertising, 16 (2), 101-116
McWilliam, G. (2000). Building Stronger Brands through Online Communities. Sloan Management Review, 41 (Spring), 43–54.
Mill, R. C., & Morrison, A. M. (2002). The tourism system: An introductory text (4th ed.). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.
Mill, R., & Morrison, A. (1985). The tourism system. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Milman, A., & Pizam, A. (1995). The role of awareness and familiarity with a destination: The Central Florida case. Journal of Travel Research, 33(3), 21-27.
Misner, I. (1995). Boost your business with word-of-mouth marketing. Agency Sales Magazine, 26-27.
Moutinho, L. (1987). Consumer behavior in tourism. European Journal of Marketing, 21(10), 3-44.
Moutinho, L. (2000). Strategic management in tourism. New York: CABI.
Murray, E. J. (1964). Motivation and emotion. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Nguyen, B., Ekinci, Y., Simkin, L., & Melewar, T. C. (2015). The brand likeability scale: an exploratory study of likeability in firm-level brands. International Journal of Market Research, 57(5), 777-800.
Nguyen, B., Melewar, T. C., & Chen, J. (2013a). A framework of brand likeability: exploring likeability in firm-level brands. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 21, 4, 368–390.
Nielsen (2012). The Nielsen global trust in advertising survey. Retrieved from: Nielsen. Web site: http://www.nielsen.com/us/en/press-room/2012/nielsen-global-consumers-trust-in-earned-advertisinggrows.htm
Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence Customer Loyalty? Journal of Marketing, 63, 33– 44.
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12–40.
Paruthi, M., Kaur, H., Islam, J., Rasool, A., & Thomas, G. (2022). Engaging consumers via online brand communities to achieve brand love and positive recommendations. Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC.
Pesonen, J., Komppula, R., Kronenberg, C., & Peters, M. (2011). Understanding the relationship between push and pull motivations in rural tourism. Tourism Review, 66, 32-49.
Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2011). The relationship between the push and pull factors of a tourist destination: The role of nationality – an analytical qualitative research approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 14(2), 121–143.
Prochazka, F., Weber, P., & Schweiger, W. (2018). Effects of civility and reasoning in user comments on perceived journalistic quality. Journalism Studies 19(1), 62–78.
Qu, H., Kim, L. H., & Im, H. H. (2011). A model of destination branding: Integrating the concepts of the branding and destination image. Tourism Management, 32(3), 465–476.
Rasoolimanesh, S., Seyfi, S., Rastegar, R., & Hall, C. (2021). Destination image during the COVID-19 pandemic and future travel behavior: The moderating role of experience. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 21, 100620.
Reich, Z. (2011). User Comments: The Transformation of Participatory Space. In Singer J.B. et al. (eds), Participatory Journalism: Guarding the Open Gates at Online Newspapers, Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, 96–117.
Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel Anxiety and Intentions to Travel Internationally: Implications of Travel Risk Perception. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 212 - 225.
Reysen, S. (2005). Construction of a new scale: the Reysen likeability scale. Social Behavior and Personality, 33, 201–208.
Riketta, M. (2005). Organizational identification: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 358–384.
Riley, R. W., Baker, D., & Van Doren, C. S. (1998). Movie induced tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(4), 919-935.
Rock, D. W., & Levy, S. J. (1983). Psychology themes in consumer grooming rituals. Advances in Consumer Research, 10 (August), 329-333.
Romaniuk, J. (2013). How healthy is your brand-health tracker? A five-point checklist to build returns on a critical research investment. Journal of Advertising Research, 53, 1, 11–13.
Ruiz, C., Domingo, D., Micó, J. L., Díaz-Noci, J., Meso, K., & Masip, P. (2011). Public sphere 2.0? The democratic qualities of citizen debates in online newspapers. International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(4), 463–487.
Ryan, C. (1991). Recreational tourism: A social science perspective. London: Routledge.
Ryan, M. (1996). Lip service. Cellular Business, September, 20.
San Martín Gutierrez, H., & Rodríguez del Bosque, I. (2011). Un enfoque de gestion de la imagen de marca de los destinos turısticos basado en las caracterısticas del turista. Revista de Analisis Turıstico, 9, 5–13.
San Martin, H., & Del Bosque, I. A. R. (2008). Exploring the cognitive-affective nature of destination image and the role of psychological factors in its formation. Tourism Management, 29(2), 263–277.
Schmitt, B. H., & Pan, Y. (1994). Managing Corporate and Brand Identities in the Asia-Pacific Region. California Management Review, 36, 32 - 48.
Sen, S., & Bhattacharya, C. B. (2001). Does doing good always lead to doing better? Consumer reactions to corporate social responsibility. Journal of Marketing Research, 38(2), 225–243.
Sichtmann, C. (2007). An analysis of antecedents and consequences of trust in a corporate brand. European Journal of Marketing, 41(9/10), 999–1015.
Simon, H. A. (1954). Bandwagon and underdog effects and the possibility of election predictions. Public Opinion Quarterly, 18(3), 245–253.
Singer, J. B. (2009). Separate spaces: discourse about the 2007 Scottish elections on a national newspaper website. International Journal of Press/Politics, 14(4), 477–496.
Smith, W. W., Li, X. R., Pan, B., Witte, M., & Doherty, S. T. (2015). Tracking destination image across the trip experience with smartphone technology. Tourism Management, 48, 113–122.
Stephen, A. T., & Lehmann, D. R. (2009). Why do people transmit word-of-mouth? The effects of recipient and relationship characteristics on transmission behaviors. Working paper, Columbia University, New York.
Stokburger-Sauer, N. (2011). The relevance of visitors’ nation brand embeddedness and personality congruence for nation brand identification, visit intentions and advocacy. Tourism Management, 32, 1282-1289.
Sundaram, D. S., Mitra, K., & Webster, C. (1998). Word-of-Mouth Communications: A Motivational Analysis. Advances in Consumer Research, 25, 527–531.
Swan, J. E., & Oliver, R. L. (1989). “Postpurchase communications by consumers”, Journal of Retailing, 65(4), 516-533.
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1985). The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. In: Worchel, S. and Austin, W.G., Eds., Psychology of Intergroup Relation, Hall Publishers, Chicago, 7-24.
Tajfel, H. (1978). Social Categorization, Social Identity and Social Comparison. In H. Tajfel (ed.), Differentiation between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 61-76). London: Academic Press.
Tangphaisankun, A., Osada, C., Okamura, T., Nakamura, F., & Wang, R. (2011). Influences of Commuter Personality and Preferences on Travel Intention in Developing Countries: A case of Bangkok. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 9, 84-84.
Tasci, A., & Gartner, W. (2007). Destination Image and Its Functional Relationships. Journal of Travel Research, 45, 413 - 425.
Thaler, R. (1983). “Transaction utility theory”, in Bagozzi, R.P. and Tybout, A.M. (Eds), Advances in Consumer Research, Vol.10, Association for Consumer Research, Ann Arbor, MI, 296-301.
Tian, K. T., Bearden, W. O., & Hunter, G. L. (2001). Consumers' need for uniqueness: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 50–66.
Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S. D., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Basil Blackwell.
Tuskej, U., Golob, U., & Podnar, K. (2013). The Role of Consumer-Brand Identification in Building Brand Relationships. Journal of Business Research, 66, 53-59.
Uysal, M., & Hagan, L. A. R. (1993). Motivation of pleasure travel and tourism. In M. Khan, M. Olsen & T. Var (eds), Encyclopedia of Hospitality and Tourism, 798–810. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Uysal, M., & Jurowski, C. (1994). Testing the push and pull factors. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(4), 844-846.
Wachtler, J., & Counselman, E. (1980). When Increasing Liking for a Communicator.
Waddell, T. F. (2018). What does the crowd think? How online comments and popularity metrics affect news credibility and issue importance. New Media & Society, 20(8), 3068–3083.
Walsh, G., Mitchell, V. W., Jackson, P. R., & Beatty, S. E. (2009). Examining the Antecedents and Consequences of Corporate Reputation: A Customer Perspective. British Journal of Management, 20, 187-203.
Wang, X. (2011). The effect of inconsistent word-of-mouth during the service encounter. Journal of Services Marketing, 25(4), 252-259.
Webster, F. E. (1965). The deal prone consumer. Journal of Marketing Research, 2, 186-189.
Wen, J., & Huang, S. (2019). The effects of push and pull travel motivations, personal values, and destination familiarity on tourist loyalty: a study of Chinese cigar tourists to Cuba. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 24, 805 - 821.
Williams, M. (2001). In Whom we Trust: Group Membership as an Affective Context for Trust Development. Academy of Management Review, 26, 377-396.
Wirtz, J., & Chew, P. (2002). The effects of incentives, deal proneness, satisfaction, and tie strength on word-of-mouth behavior. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 13(2), 141–162.
Wu, J., Xu, J., & Erdogan, E. (2009). Investigating the Push and Pull Motivation of Visiting Domestic Destinations in China: A Means‐End Approach. Journal of China Tourism Research, 5, 287 - 315.
Yeh, Y., & Choi, S. (2011). MINI-lovers, maxi-mouths: An investigation of antecedents to eWOM intention among brand community members. Journal of Marketing Communications, 17, 145 - 162.
Yuan, S., & McDonald, C. (1990). Motivational determinates of international pleasure time. Journal of Travel Research, 29, 42-44.
Yuan-yua, C. (2013). Research of travelers' motivation to dual-world-heritage-sites from “push-pull” perspective——a case study of travelers from Wuyishan. Journal of Minjiang University.
Yunus, N., Ariff, M., Som, N., Zakuan, N., & Sulaiman, Z. (2016). The mediating effect of brand image between electronic word of mouth and purchase intention in social media. Advanced Science Letters, 22, 3176-3180.