近年來，職場中員工的應得權益感呈現上升趨勢，使得企業對於應得權益感的議題更加重視，儘管過去的研究少有將應得權益感依據特質區分，且大多著重於探究應得權益感對於員工對企業的負面影響，然而，近期一些學者指出，應得權益感特質的員工同時也可能對組織產生積極的影響。鑒於此，本研究欲探討在職場中具備剝削型應得權益感特質的員工，對於組織所產生的影響，以及相關的影響機制。
本研究旨在探討剝削型應得權益感與經由自利傾向、獨特感需求與不同場合建言的關係，並檢視印象管理—自我推銷策略對於獨特感需求與不同場合建言關係的調節效果。本研究採用兩階段網路問卷獲取所需樣本資料，最終以213位來自不同產業、有上級主管且全職工作在職者為主要研究對象，並以 Mplus 7 與SPSS 25作為統計分析工具，檢驗研究模型中介與調節效果是否成立。研究結果顯示，在公開場合，自利傾向與獨特感需求會中介剝削型應得權益感與建言行為之關係；在私下場合，自利傾向會中介剝削型應得權益感與建言行為之關係，而印象管理—自我推銷策略會增強獨特感需求與建言行為之關係，此外，印象管理—自我推銷策略也會增強剝削型應得權益感經由獨特感需求，進而影響建言行為之中介效果。本研究依據研究結果，於最後提出管理實務建議供企業參考。

In recent years, there has been a rising trend in employees' sense of entitlement in the workplace, leading to increased attention from businesses towards the issue of entitlement. Despite limited previous research distinguishing entitlement based on characteristics, and the majority of studies have focused on exploring the negative impacts of employee entitlement of their organizations, recent scholars have pointed out that employees with entitlement traits might also have positive impacts on the organization. In light of this, this study aims to investigate the effects of employees with exploitive entitlement traits in the workplace and the associated mechanisms.
This study examined the relationship among exploitive entitlement, self-interest orientation, need for uniqueness, and voice behavior in both public and private situations. Additionally, this study assessed the impact of impression management - self-promotion strategies on the relationship between the need for uniqueness and voice behavior in both public and private situations. This research utilized a two-stage online questionnaire to gather the required sample data and ultimately focused on 213 full-time employees from various industries who had superiors. Mplus 7 and SPSS 25 are used as statistical analysis tools to examine the mediating and moderating effects in the study. The research findings indicated that in public settings, self-interest orientation and the need for uniqueness mediated the relationship between exploitive entitlement and voice behavior. In private settings, self-interest orientation mediated the relationship between exploitive entitlement and voice behavior, while impression - self-promotion strategies management enhanced the relationship between the need for uniqueness and voice behavior. Furthermore, impression management - self-promotion strategies also strengthened the mediating effect of the need for uniqueness on the relationship between exploitive entitlement and voice behavior. Based on the research results, the study concludes by providing practical management recommendations for businesses.

論文審定書 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 vii
表目錄 vii
第一章　緒論 1
第一節　研究背景與動機 1
第二節　研究目的 2
第二章　文獻探討 5
第一節　剝削型應得權益感 5
第二節　自利傾向 6
第三節　獨特感需求 6
第四節　公開向上建言、私下向上建言 7
第五節　印象管理 10
第三章　研究方法 12
第一節　研究架構 12
第二節　研究假設 12
第三節　研究樣本 13
第四節　研究工具 15
一、 應得權益感量表 16
二、 自利量表 16
三、 獨特感需求量表 17
四、 印象管理量表 17
五、 公開向上建言量表、私下向上建言量表 18
六、 知覺組織建言氛圍量表 19
第五節　控制變項 19
第六節　資料分析 20
第七節　共同方法變異事前預防與檢驗 21
第四章　分析結果 24
第一節 描述性統計結果 24
第二節　人口變數與各變項差異比較 25
第三節　相關分析 30
第四節 結構方程模型分析 31
一、 中介模型（主效果） 31
二、 調節模型（主效果+調節效果） 34
三、 調節式中介模型 35
第五節　研究假設彙整 36
第五章　討論與建議 37
第一節　研究發現與討論 37
第二節　實務管理意涵 39
第三節　研究限制與未來建議 41
參考文獻 42
附錄 49

一、 中文
周麗芳、任金剛、林守紀（2013）。轉型領導與建言行為：文化價值觀的關鍵角色。組織與管理, 6(2), 115-159.
林孟筠（2020）。我世代的組織公民行為？工作塑造與獨特感需求的中介效果及主動性人格的調節效果〔未出版之碩士論文〕國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所，高雄市。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/r69sru
林鉦棽（2007）。跨層次觀點下印象管理動機與主管導向之組織公民行為的關係：社會互動與組織政治氣候的調節角色。管理學報，24(1)，93-111。https://doi.org/10.6504/jom.2007.24.01.06
紀乃文、石蕙菱、郭智涵（2015）。建言或諫言？探討員工正、負向心情與建言行為的關係：轉換型與交易型領導的干擾效果。管理學報，32(1)，43-68。https://doi.org/10.6504/jom.2015.32.01.03
彭台光、高月慈、林鉦棽（2006）。管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報，23(1)，77-98。https://doi.org/10.6504/jom.2006.23.01.05
蘇文郁（2005）。人格特質、印象管理與組織公民行為關係之探討〔未出版之碩士論文〕國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所，高雄市。https://hdl.handle.net/11296/26pwvj

二、 英文
Andreassen, C. S., Ursin, H., Eriksen, H. R., & Pallesen, S. (2012). The relationship of narcissism with workaholism, work engagement, and professional position. Social Behavior and Personality, 40(6), 881-890. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.6.881
Bishop, J., & Lane, R. C. (2002). The dynamics and dangers of entitlement. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 19(4), 739-758. https://doi.org/10.1037//0736-9735.19.4.739
Bolino, M. C. (1999). Citizenship and impression management: Good soldiers or good actors?. Academy of Management Review, 24(1), 82-98. https://doi.org/10.2307/259038
Bozeman, D. P., & Kacmar, K. M. (1997). A cybernetic model of impression management processes in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 69(1), 9-30. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1996.2669
Brant, K. K., & Castro, S. L. (2019). You can't ignore millennials: Needed changes and a new way forward in entitlement research [Article]. Human Resource Management Journal, 29(4), 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12262
Brinsfield, C. T., Edwards, M. S., & Greenberg, J. (2009). Voice and silence in organizations: Historical review and current conceptualizations (M. S. Edwards, J. Greenberg, Ed. Vol. 1), Voice and silence in organizations (pp. 3-36). Emerald Group Publishing.
Brinsfield, C. T., Edwards, M. S., & Greenberg, J. (2009). Voice and silence in organizations: Historical review and current conceptualizations. Voice and silence in organizations, 1.
Brouer, R. L., Wallace, A. S., & Harvey, P. (2011). When good resources go bad: the applicability of conservation of resource theory to psychologically entitled employees. The role of individual differences in occupational stress and well being, 9, 109-150. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-3555(2011)0000009008
Brummel, B. J., & Parker, K. N. (2015). Obligation and Entitlement in Society and the Workplace. Applied Psychology-an International Review-Psychologie Appliquee-Revue Internationale, 64(1), 127-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12023
Burris, E. R. (2012). The risks and rewards of speaking up: managerial responses to employee voice. Academy of Management Journal, 55(4), 851-875. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0562
Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 29-45. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa8301_04
Crowe, M. L., LoPilato, A. C., Campbell, W. K., & Miller, J. D. (2016). Identifying two groups of entitled individuals: cluster analysis reveals emotional stability and self-esteem distinction. Journal of Personality Disorders, 30(6), 762-775. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2015_29_229
Dickinson, K. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(3), 188-207. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.17.3.188.22146
Dundon, T., Wilkinson, A., Marchington, M., & Ackers, P. (2004). The meanings and purpose of employee voice. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 15(6), 1149-1170. https://doi.org/10.1080/095851904100016773359
Fisk, G. M. (2010). "I want it all and I want it now!" An examination of the etiology, expression, and escalation of excessive employee entitlement. Human Resource Management Review, 20(2), 102-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.11.001
Fromkin, H. L. (1970). Effects of experimentally aroused feelings of undistinctiveness upon valuation of scarce and novel experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(3), 521-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030059
Fromkin, H. L. (1972). Feelings of interpersonal undistinctiveness - unpleasant affective state. Journal of Experimental Research in Personality, 6(2-3), 178-185. <Go to ISI>://WOS:A1972O474800008
Fuller, J. B., Barnett, T., Hester, K., Relyea, C., & Frey, L. (2007). An exploratory examination of voice behavior from an impression management perspective. Journal of Managerial Issues, 19(1), 134-151.
Gallup, L. (2013). State of the American workplace: Employee engagement insights for US business leaders. http://employeeengagement.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Gallup-2013-State-of-the-American-Workplace-Report
George, J. M. (1991). State or trait - effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(2), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.2.299
Gerbasi, M. E., & Prentice, D. A. (2013). The Self- and Other-Interest Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(3), 495-514. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033483
Grant, A. M., & Mayer, D. M. (2009). Good soldiers and good actors: prosocial and impression management motives as interactive predictors of affiliative citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 900-912. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013770
Harvey, P., & Martinko, M. J. (2009). An empirical examination of the role of attributions in psychological entitlement and its outcomes. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30(4), 459-476. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.549
Jones, E. E., & Pittman, T. S. (1982). Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. Psychological Perspectives on the Self, 1(1), 231-262.
Jordan, P. J., Ramsay, S., & Westerlaken, K. M. (2017). A review of entitlement: Implications for workplace research. Organizational Psychology Review, 7(2), 122-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386616647121
Kets de Vries, M. (2017). How to manage a narcissist. Harvard Business Review.
Khan, H., Chowdhury, M. S., & Kang, D. S. (2022). Leaders' Emotion Regulation and the Influence of Respect and Entitlement on Employee Silence. Sustainability, 14(4), Article 2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042389
Klimchak, M., Carsten, M., Morrell, D., & MacKenzie, W. I. (2016). Employee entitlement and proactive work behaviors: the moderating effects of narcissism and organizational identification. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 23(4), 387-396. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051816636790
Korman, A. K. (1970). Toward an hypothesis of work behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 54(1), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028656
Kowske, B. J., Rasch, R., & Wiley, J. (2010). Millennials' (Lack of) Attitude Problem: An Empirical Examination of Generational Effects on Work Attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 265-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9171-8
Langerud, D. H., & Jordan, P. J. (2018). Entitlement at work: Linking positive behaviors to employee entitlement. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(1), 75-94. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.33
Leary, M. R., & Kowalski, R. M. (1990). Impression management: A literature review and two-component model. Psychological bulletin, 107(1), 34-47.
LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. (2001). Voice and cooperative behavior as contrasting forms of contextual performance: evidence of differential relationships with big five personality characteristics and cognitive ability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(2), 326-336.
Lessard, J., Greenberger, E., Chen, C. S., & Farruggia, S. (2011). Are youths' feelings of entitlement always "bad"?: Evidence for a distinction between exploitive and non-exploitive dimensions of entitlement. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 521-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.05.014
Lessard, J. S. (2008). Deconstructing" Entitlement". [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of California, Irvine, CA.
Liu, W., Zhu, R. H., & Yang, Y. K. (2010). I warn you because I like you: Voice behavior, employee identifications, and transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 21(1), 189-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.10.014
Lynn, M., & Harris, J. (1997). Individual differences in the pursuit of self-uniqueness through consumption. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(21), 1861-1883. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01629.x
Maio, G. R., Pakizeh, A., Cheung, W. Y., & Rees, K. J. (2009). Changing, priming, and acting on values: Effects via motivational relations in a circular model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(4), 699-715. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016420
Moeller, S. J., Crocker, J., & Bushman, B. J. (2009). Creating hostility and conflict: Effects of entitlement and self-image goals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45(2), 448-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2008.11.005
Morrison, E. W. (2011). Employee voice behavior: Integration and directions for future research. Academy of Management Annals, 5, 373-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2011.574506
Naumann, S. E., Minsky, B. D., & Sturman, M. C. (2002). The use of the concept “entitlement” in management literature: A historical review, synthesis, and discussion of compensation policy implications. Human Resource Management Review, 12(1), 145-166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S1053-4822(01)00055-9
Nkomo, E. (2022). Perceived work values, materialism and entitlement mentality among Generation Y students in South Africa. Acta Commercii, 22(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/ac.v22i1.1033
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington books/DC heath and com.
Premeaux, S. F., & Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Breaking the silence: The moderating effects of self-monitoring in predicting speaking up in the workplace. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1537-1562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00390
Priesemuth, M., & Taylor, R. M. (2016). The more I want, the less I have left to give: The moderating role of psychological entitlement on the relationship between psychological contract violation, depressive mood states, and citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 37(7), 967-982. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2080
Rehman, S. u. (2005). Effectiveness of Communication channels for knowledge sharing: A study of kuwaiti companies. Journal of Information & Knowledge Management, 4(4), 213-227. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219649205001183
Rose, K. C., & Anastasio, P. A. (2014). Entitlement is about 'others', narcissism is not: Relations to sociotropic and autonomous interpersonal styles. Personality and Individual Differences, 59, 50-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.004
Smith, C. A., Organ, D. W., & Near, J. P. (1983). Organizational citizenship behavior - its nature and antecedents. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68(4), 653-663. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.68.4.653
Snow, J. N., Kern, R. M., & Curlette, W. L. (2001). Identifying personality traits associated with attrition in systematic training for effective parenting groups. The Family Journal, 9(2), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480701092003
Snyder, C. R. (1992). Product scarcity by need for uniqueness interaction - a consumer catch-22 carousel. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 13(1), 9-24. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1301_3
Snyder, C. R., & Fromkin, H. L. (1977). Abnormality as a positive characteristic: The development and validation of a scale measuring need for uniqueness. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86(5), 518-527. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.86.5.518
Stronge, S., Milojev, P., & Sibley, C. G. (2018). Are people becoming more entitled over time? not in new zealand. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(2), 200-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217733079
Tedeschi, J. T., & Melburg, V. (1984). Impression management and influence in the organization. Research in the sociology of organizations, 3(31-58).
Thompson, C., & Gregory, J. B. (2012). Managing Millennials: A framework for improving attraction, motivation, and retention. The psychologist-manager journal, 15(4), 237.
Tian, K. T., Bearden, W. O., & Hunter, G. L. (2001). Consumers' need for uniqueness: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 28(1), 50-66. https://doi.org/10.1086/321947
Turnley, W. H., & Bolino, M. C. (2001). Achieving desired images while avoiding undesired images: Exploring the role of self-monitoring in impression management. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(2), 351-360. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.2.351
Twenge, J. M. (2010). A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences in work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9165-6
Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2009). The narcissism epidemic: Living in the age of entitlement. Atria Books. https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=m3YndShMSUUC
Vakola, M., & Bouradas, D. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: an empirical investigation. Employee Relations, 27(5), 441-458. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450510611997
Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384
Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 108-119. https://doi.org/10.5465/256902
Wayne, S. J., & Ferris, G. R. (1990). Influence tactics, affect, and exchange quality in supervisor subordinate interactions - a laboratory experiment and field-study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(5), 487-499. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.75.5.487
Zitek, E. M., & Jordan, A. H. (2019). Psychological entitlement predicts failure to follow instructions. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(2), 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617729885
Zitek, E. M., Jordan, A. H., Monin, B., & Leach, F. R. (2010). Victim entitlement to behave selfishly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98(2), 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017168
Zitek, E. M., & Vincent, L. C. (2015). Deserve and diverge: Feeling entitled makes people more creative. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 56, 242-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.006