本研究以了解宗教如何影響英國脫離歐洲聯盟的過程為題，尋覓宗教如何影響政治之飛梭，特別是以英國脫離歐洲聯盟的過程為例來觀察英格蘭教會等如何影響英國政府，以及在英國政府中產生的作用為何。本研究係以過程追蹤法作為勾勒宗教如何影響政治議題的引線，將當中的媒體、政黨、政治人物以及其他的行為者的行為的互動過程找出英國脫離歐洲聯盟在宗教如何試圖影響以及其他的一個回應的價值性意涵。宗教本為強調價值投射之詞彙，透過宗教人士的表態來帶出對政治議題的論述。但實際上在英國脫離歐洲聯盟的過程當中，更多的是宗教人士與英國政府的各自表態抑或執政黨的政治人物的反駁，操作部分在野黨反更為具體，而也看到了教會與教徒之間對英國與歐洲聯盟關係發展議題未必相稱的情況，尤其以本研究關注之主軸線-英格蘭教會而言，更加的可以看到教會實際上很難透過教徒來一定程度的進行表態，從表面上教徒應該最相信教會，卻成了在英國脫離歐洲聯盟的過程當中，離教會最遠的群體。從本研究的觀察當中，重新的思考教會在英國的影響能力，也是將基督教作為一個較為入世的宗教做一個重新的檢視，特別是在最入世的「政治」一詞的干預上。

This study focuses on “How religion impacts Brexit” and pays attention to the route of the Church of England’s impact on the British government in the Brexit case. The study uses the “process tracing” method to describe the mechanism of religion’s interaction with social media, political parties, politicians, and other actors and their responses. This study tries to discover the meanings of the responses of the political actors shown in the media. Initially, a religion reflects its values through the clergy’s interactions and responses to other political actors, delivering viewpoints to the public of political discourse. In the case of Brexit, this study finds that statements from the clergy often confront those from the ruling party’s politicians. This tension is found less in the interaction between the Church and the opposition party.
Additionally, this study finds that even the Church may act differently from its believers’ expectations regarding the Brexit issue. Church of England had difficulty mobilizing its believers to deliver its statement. On the surface, believers may trust the view of the Church the most. But in the Brexit case, they seem to be the group most far away from Church. From the observation of the study, the findings help rethink the political influence of the Church in the United Kingdom—the secular “Christian” remains complex with it comes to “politics.

論文審定書 i
致謝 ii
摘要 iv
Abstract v
圖次 x
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與研究問題 1
一、 宗教對脫歐決策有何影響? 2
二、 宗教行為者與政黨有何關聯? 7
三、基督教論述與政治議題如何扣連? 10
第二節 研究目的 12
一、釐清教會的角色 13
二、勾勒教會影響脫歐的機制 14
三、補足當前英國政局研究的缺口 15
第三節 章節安排 16
第二章 英國與歐洲聯盟的分合定位 19
第一節 英國脫離歐洲聯盟的歷史脈絡 19
一、歐洲聯盟對於英國國家定位的意義轉變 20
二、英國脫離歐洲聯盟在北愛爾蘭地區領土維繫的努力 21
第二節 英國脫離歐洲聯盟相關研究的觀點整理 22
一、 歐洲懷疑主義(Euroscepticism) 22
二、 移民議題致使英國決定脫離歐洲聯盟 25
三、英國定位的重構 26
四、 歐洲統合議題的宗教視角 27
第三節 基督教的概念如何影響英國政局 29
一、 基督教的入世觀 29
二、英格蘭教會的角色 31
三、主教與教徒的角色 35
第三章 研究方法與研究設計 41
第一節 研究架構 41
第二節 研究方法 42
一、過程追蹤法(process tracing) 42
第三節 研究資料與限制 45
一、本研究的時間軸範圍 45
二、搜尋範圍以及其定義 46
第四章 英格蘭教會在英國脫歐中的角色 48
第一節 本章分析架構 48
一、 英格蘭教會宗教行為者如何的動態在當中行為 48
二、英格蘭教會與英國的政黨間的互動 49
第二節David Cameron時期 51
第三節Theresa May時期 90
第四節Boris Johnson時期 184
第五章 結論與展望 189
第一節 本研究得出之結論 189
一、英格蘭教會並沒有對保守黨產生直接性的作用 189
二、英格蘭教會的表態反而壯大英國獨立黨的聲勢 190
三、宗教人士的言論大多流於單向表態 191
第二節 未來發展的可能性 192
一、 其他教派的教會與歐洲統合的軌跡 193
二、 強化回頭從聖經的觀點來看歐洲統合 193
參考資料 195

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Belfast Telegraph Online. (2016c, May 23). After 41 years of shifting battlelines, the Brexit vote for Northern Ireland is a very tough one to call; In 1975 Northern Ireland, against predictions, decided by a thin majority to stay in the then European Economic Community. Will history repeat itself on June 23, asks James Greer. Belfast Telegraph Online.
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Belfast Telegraph Online. (2017c, May 21). Battle in South Belfast is over Brexit but some voters still victims of past. Belfast Telegraph Online.
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compared to 56% at the time of the referendum, the UK in a Changing Europe project said. Belfast Telegraph Online.
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for “fair” future for UK-EU relationship; The German bishop, council chair of

the Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland (EKD), is on a two-day visit to London hosted by the Archbishop. Belfast Telegraph Online.
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The Daily Telegraph. (2016d, June 17). “Jo believed in a better world and she fought for it every day”; MP and mother is shot dead by constituent shouting ’Britain first ’EU referendum campaign halted on dark day for democracy. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2016e, June 25). Many on the Remain side will come to see that the country was right in voting to leave the EU; Letters to the Editor. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2016f, June 27). Parliament must decide in the interest of everyone; Political battle lines are breaking down post-Brexit, but a break-up of the UK could be looming. The Daily Telegraph.

The Daily Telegraph. (2016g, July 18). The Week in Westminster. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2016h, October 1). A defining challenge for Mrs May; ESTABLISHED 1855. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2016i, October 5). Mary Plume; MoD stalwart who helped officers adjust to civilian life. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2016j, October 22). How chickens, Brexit, late bedtimes and burgers all play a role in Bill Gates’s mission to save the world; With $80 billion, Bill Gates is the world’s richest man. So how does he spend his money? What makes his life worthwhile? And is his a happy marriage? Mary Riddell spends three months with the Microsoft billionaire to find the answers. Photographs by Kate Peters. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2017a, February 14). Welby attack Archbishop brands

president a “fascist.” The Daily Telegraph.

The Daily Telegraph. (2017b, June 26). Brexit Trojan horse; Letters to the Editor.

The Daily Telegraph.

The Daily Telegraph. (2017c, August 2). When it comes to Brexit, we need our Dunkirk spirit back. The Daily Telegraph.

The Daily Telegraph. (2017d, December 15). A divide over Brexit may cost the Tories. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2017e, December 23). Time to stop the blame game, says Sentamu. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2018a, May 28). Praying for a church-friendly amendment to new data protection rules; Letters to the Editor. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2018b, June 7). Justin Welby is wrong: Peace in Europe relies on democracy, not the EU; Letters to the Editor. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2018c, August 18). Reformation no Brexit; Letters to the Editor. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2019a, January 10). Archbishop: Second vote better than no deal; If Parliament cannot agree on a way forward, decision must go back to the people, Justin Welby tells peers. The Daily Telegraph.
The Daily Telegraph. (2019b, September 2). The prorogation protests were just another attack on the democratic vote to leave the EU; Letters to the Editor. The Daily Telegraph.
The Economist: Buttonwood’s notebook. (2016, March 29). Where Brexit and

climate-change scepticism converge. The Economist: Buttonwood’s Notebook.

The EU referendum. Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland – how will they vote? (2016, June 16). European Union News.
The Evening Standard. (2016, April 27). Quote of the day. The Evening Standard.

The Evening Standard. (2017, December 14). PM faces “much bigger” defeat on Brexit date; Tory rebels ready for new fight as May meets EU leaders at summit. The Evening Standard.
The Evening Standard. (2018, November 13). An audience with the ABC; With a new book out for Christmas, the Archbishop of Canterbury tells Julian Glover about uplifting literature, why ; Brexit is too binary and the Church’s struggles with homosexuality. The Evening Standard.
The Evening Standard. (2019a, January 16). Bishop of London says Brexit impact on nurses risks making NHS less safe. The Evening Standard.
The Evening Standard. (2019b, May 28). I’ll talk to Red Len and Farage on Brexit, says Rory Stewart; Tory dismisses “Wizard of Oz” no dealers and suggests Archbishop could mediate. The Evening Standard.
The Express. (2016a, June 27). Archbishop should get his own house in order first; Letters. The Express.
The Express. (2016b, December 27). Spiritual leaders overlooking threat facing Christianity; Letter of the day. The Express.

The Express. (2017, June 26). Britain paying high price for the non-stop illegals; THE NORTHERN & SHELL BUILDING NUMBER 10 LOWER THAMES STREET, LONDON EC3R 6EN Tel: 020 8612 7000 (outside UK: +44 20 8612
7000). The Express.

The Express. (2018, February 26). Anger at Welby EU plea. The Express.

The FT looks ahead to the week’s main events. (2016, November 13). FT.Com.

The Globe and Mail. (2018, July 21). May’s Brexit vision gets little sympathy from

EU. The Globe and Mail.

The Griffen: Canisius College. (2016, September 9). What we can learn from Brexit?

The Griffen: Canisius College.

The Guardian. (2016, October 14). Churches that remain open in times of sorrow and of joy. The Guardian.
The Guardian. (2020, October 18). UK archbishops urge ministers not to breach internationallawoverBrexit.TheGuardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/18/uk-archbishops-urge-
ministers-not-to-breach-international-law-over-brexit

The Hamilton Spectator. (2018, November 2). Gwynne Dyer: Irish border predicament could spell disaster for Ireland and U.K. overall. The Hamilton Spectator.

The Hamilton Spectator. (2019, August 28). U.K. lawmakers outraged as Johnson moves to suspend Parliament ahead of Brexit. The Hamilton Spectator.
The Herald. (2015, June 15). Pages that are yours on which to have your say. The Herald.
The Herald. (2016a, September 2). Government is urged to take more refugees. The Herald.
The Herald. (2016b, November 5). “Trading in fear” decried by cardinal. The Herald. The Herald. (2017, June 26). Patel rejects talks appeal. The Herald.
The Herald. (2018a, May 21). Provinces are more pro-EU. The Herald.

The Herald. (2018b, November 20). Why climate change should be the only story that matters. The Herald.
The Hindu. (2016, June 27). Pope: Church should ask forgiveness from gays for past treatment. The Hindu.
The Huddersfield Daily Examiner. (2019, July 24). “Democracy needs reshaping”; WHAT EXACTLY IS THE “WILL OF THE PEOPLE” OVER BREXIT? THIS WAS THE QUESTION POSED BY BISHOP OF LEEDS, THE RT REV NICK BAINES AS HE GAVE THE UNIVERSITY OF HUDDERSFIELD’S
2019 HAROLD WILSON LECTURE. The Huddersfield Daily Examiner.

The Independent. (2015, July 15). Gillian Clarke; Political wife. Born: 1941 Historian, political activist and quilt-maker who stood at Ken Clarke’s right hand for more than half a century. The Independent.
The Independent. (2016a, January 22). Queen’s chaplain resigns after criticising church for allowing Koran reading; Reverend Gavin Ashenden says reading of the Koran at St Mary’s Cathedral in Glasgow caused “serious offence.” The Independent.
The Independent. (2016b, March 12). “Fears not racist.” The Independent on Saturday.
The Independent. (2016c, April 11). Tax avoiders cannot be persuaded to change their attitudes; Send your letters to letters@independent.co.uk. The Independent.
The Independent. (2016d, April 25). Yes he can express an opinion; Editorials. The Independent - Daily Edition.
The Independent. (2016e, May 15). Europe’s Catholic leaders are undoing the good work of Pope Francis over the migrant crisis; Cardinal Dominik Jaruslav Duka, the Archbishop of Prague, demeans Muslims and claims the Pope’s efforts are “just a gesture.” The Independent.

The Independent. (2016f, June 22). EU referendum letter: 1,280 business leaders sign letter backing Remain; Remain campaigners have said that the letter shows unprecedentedsupport from across business and finance. The Independent.
The Independent. (2016g, November 21). Welby urges rethink on how we define religion. The Independent - Daily Edition.
The Independent. (2017, March 30). All hail Article 50 Day—Let’s celebrate with a bendy banana slide in Liam Fox Park and public shaming of Remoaners; The Great Repeal Bill, rightly sounding as grand as Abraham Lincoln’s law abolishing slavery, will be full of language like “This truth shall evermore be stated, that from this noble day, a nation arose in magnificence to grasp the light of the heavens and tear away the hideous chains of being unable to negotiate a separate agreement on spring onions with Canada.” The Independent.
The Independent. (2018, September 15). Archbishop of Canterbury to lead effort to buy £400m Wonga debt; Justin Welby to gather potential investors for discussion on taking over loans and developing into low-interest lender. The Independent.
The Independent. (2019, September 13). Wetherspoon boss accuses “elite Remainers”

of ignoring gains from no-deal Brexit as pub chain’s profits drop; Tim Martin’s

emphasis on what he says will be benefits of leaving without agreement contrasts with warnings by vast majority of UK firms. The Independent.
The Independent - Daily Edition. (2016, July 6). Archbishop warns over pressure on politeness and tolerance; Brexit news in brief. The Independent - Daily Edition.
The Independent - Daily Edition. (2018a, May 22). Are both parties about to change strategy on Brexit? The Independent - Daily Edition.
The Independent - Daily Edition. (2018b, December 26). It’s time to end this hatred

and tribalism, says Welby. The Independent - Daily Edition.

The Irish News. (2016a, March 11). Letters—Ignoring reality. The Irish News.

The Irish News. (2016b, March 12). EU referendum—Cleric insists migrant fears are not racist. The Irish News.
The Irish News. (2016c, June 30). Letters—Union no longer tenable. The Irish News.

The Irish News. (2016d, October 4). Opinion—Let’s talk about union but without unionists. The Irish News.
The Irish News. (2016e, October 21). Border controls could bring “gunfire to streets.”

The Irish News.

The Irish News. (2017a, March 8). Stormont election—May: No snap election— Peers warn of “further suffering in Northern Ireland” from Brexit. The Irish News.

The Irish News. (2017b, June 26). Time to do a deal call from Church leaders. The Irish News.
The Irish News. (2017c, August 2). Opinion—DUP struggling in the senior leagues—In all this the DUP are small fry. Remember lads, what happened in 1985 and 1997. If you can be bought, you can be sold and you will be. Your deal runs out at the latest in May 2019 if May lasts that long. The Irish News.
The Irish News. (2017d, October 26). Brexit—’Unionist failure to reach out could

secure united Ireland’. The Irish News.

The Irish News. (2017e, December 7). Brexit—’Majority in north now support special status within EU’. The Irish News.
The Irish Times. (2017a, March 18). A united Ireland: Exploring options; Ireland’s call New Horizons. The Irish Times.
The Irish Times. (2017b, March 20). Unionists at the heart of priest’s vision for united Ireland; Clergyman proposes nationalist leader with unionist deputy to reassure doubters. The Irish Times.
The Irish Times. (2018a, April 18). A dozen predictions about the North; No one can see the future, but it is possible to make informed forecasts about the likely effects of UKExit on Northern Ireland. In that spirit, here are a dozen predictions

by a leading political scientist, from a dirty peace and destabilised Britain and UK to a rise in nationalist sentiment. The Irish Times.
The Irish Times. (2018b, May 21). Study shows greater EU support in North. The Irish Times.
The Irish Times. (2018c, May 23). A soft separation is imperative; Brexit and Northern Ireland Export Citation. The Irish Times.
The Journal. (2016a, April 13). COLUMNIST PAUL BRANNEN. The Journal.

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THE MAIL ON SUNDAY COMMENT. (2017, June 24). MAIL ON SUNDAY

COMMENT: Two voices—One nation of tolerance. MailOnline.

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The Mercury. (2016, June 17). Their finest hour. The Mercury.

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the Monitor’s Editorial Board. (2019, January 2). Why civic values are Taiwan’s best defense; In a public debate, the leaders of China and Taiwan reveal what it takes to create a national identity rooted in shared ideals. The Christian Science Monitor.
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The Northern Echo (Newsquest Regional Pr. (2016, June 22). “Little Englanders”

label deeply offensive. The Northern Echo (Newsquest Regional Press).

The Northern Echo (Newsquest Regional Press). (2016a, January 12). Archbishop of York warns whole country needs North to flourish. The Northern Echo (Newsquest Regional Press).
The Northern Echo (Newsquest Regional Press). (2016b, June 23). A page in history.

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economic outlook has not improved. The Sunday Guardian.

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The Sunday Telegraph. (2017, January 1). May tells Britain: Let’s unite in 2017; PM quotes murdered MP Jo Cox as she urges Britons to come together and promises best Brexit deal. The Sunday Telegraph.
The Sunday Telegraph. (2018a, February 25). Archbishop’s warning over austerity and Brexit; NEWS BULLETIN. The Sunday Telegraph.
The Sunday Telegraph. (2018b, December 30). The Church must allow us to disagree.

It’s called politics; GILES FRASER. The Sunday Telegraph.

The Sunday Telegraph. (2019a, September 1). “Stop whingeing … the majority voted Leave”, Archbishop tells Remainers; Welby defends democracy and wants Church to begin process of reconciliation between the two factions. The Sunday Telegraph.
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The Times. (2016b, October 4). British troops exempted from human rights law; May

vows to end “vexatious claims” against service personnel. The Times.

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The Times. (2016e, October 25). Divided by a common word; TMS diary@thetimes.co.uk | @timesdiary. The Times.
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