近年來，國內河川污染情形嚴重，有鑑於國人對流域環境品質要求日益殷切，行政院環保署亦針對國內河川進行相關整治規劃。此外，底泥長期累積河川污染物，因此進行河川整治規劃時，亦需將底泥視為河川環境惡化的一環，進行整體性的管理與整治評估。然而，台灣地狹人稠，多數都會型河川皆流經城市或工業區，河川沿岸並無太多空地使得現場河川整治空間形成不易克服之難題。離場整治技術雖可克服整治空間不足之難題，但離場整治不但造成昂貴的運輸費用且容易造成二次污染。本研究針對鹽水港溪進行河川污染調查、分析及推估之以掌握河川污染之來源及污染量，作為河川污染整治策略擬定之依據。
鹽水港溪位於高雄市北林路至二港口間，主要河段位於工業局管轄的臨海工業區內，中下游並環繞中國鋼鐵股份有限公司(以下簡稱中鋼)廠區，最後在中鋼碼頭附近流入高雄港二港口。近30年，自臨海工業區之工業廢水及工廠私自排放未經處理之工業廢水，以及河段上游未經妥善處理之大苓里之生活污水，均直接或間接的注入鹽水港溪，造成鹽水港溪之污染程度日益嚴重。
本研究為評估各種整治方案對於鹽水港溪之適用性，進行一系列的水文、水質及底泥採樣及調查，包括：主河段水文調查及水質採樣、主河段定點定時水文量測、沿岸箱涵與排水渠道之水文量測及採樣分析、底泥採樣分析等。採樣檢測結果除可用以評估污染現況，並將利用Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP)模式進行鹽水港溪之評估模式建構。WASP水質模式建立後，將可用於模擬整治策略實行後之水質狀況。此外，亦設計一套適用於河岸空間有限之底泥處理系統，並找尋適用於鹽水港溪底泥重金屬整治之最佳操作參數。
調查結果顯示，鹽水港溪主河段水質皆屬於嚴重污染，主要污染來源為沿岸之排水渠道。經由排水渠道污染負荷推估顯示部分排水渠道為造成鹽水港溪中游河段及下游河段生化需氧量及化學需氧量濃度偏高之主要點源污染。底泥調查結果顯示，各河段所含重金屬僅鎘有部分河段低於底泥品質指引(sediment quality guidelines, SQG)之標準，其餘皆超過SQG濃度數倍(銅最高濃度為SQG之8倍)，顯示鹽水港溪重金屬對生物危害性風險很高。由富集因子(enrichment factor, EF)及地質累積指數(geo-accumulation index, Igeo)之計算結果可知，鹽水港溪主要人為重金屬污染源為銅、鋅、鉛、鎘，其次為鎳及鉻。鐵及錳於底泥及水質中檢測濃度雖高於人體健康標準，但計算結果顯示相較其他金屬，鐵及錳受到人為污染潛在性較低。銅、鋅、鉛應為相同污染源或此三種金屬於鹽水港溪底泥中之傳輸或分佈狀況相似，相關度分析亦可應證此推論。
以WASP模擬水質改善策略結果顯示，鹽水港溪源頭水量增加1 m3/s可使鹽水港溪符合河川水體戊類水體標準[溶氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)＞2 mg/L]，若配合截流系統，將排水渠道進行截流後，則可使鹽水港溪水質符合丁類水體標準(DO＞3 mg/L, 懸浮固體物＜100 mg/L)。為克服鹽水港溪沿岸設置底泥整治空間不足，本研究設計壓力循環系統配合螯合劑進行底泥重金屬整治實驗，以瞭解壓力循環系統應用於鹽水港溪底泥整治上之可行性。實驗結果顯示，壓力循環系統確實可有效提升底泥處理效率，於最大處理效率下，可縮短50%之底泥處理時間。針對鹽水港溪之底泥中銅萃取僅需2小時即可達到萃取平衡，可作為現場底泥整治之優先選擇。此外，壓力循環系統設備體積無須太大，可有效克服鹽水港溪因現場空間有限導致底泥整治不易之窘境。
本研究結果可預測在最佳管理策略實施前流域水質改善成效，並可預期短時間內對鹽水港溪水質影響，藉由全面性的鹽水港溪管理策略的提出，與本研究所獲得的經驗與結果可以提供未來其他流域管理策略之參考上的依據。

The river water quality management strategy involves a series of complex inter-disciplinary decisions based on speculated responses of water and sediment quality to changing controls. In the aquatic system a rapid removal of the heavy metals from the water to sediments may occur by settling particles while some of these pollutants can be mobilized by getting accumulated into the biota from the sediments sink. Thus, sediment plays a major role in the determining pollution pattern of aquatic systems. It acts as both carriers and sinks for contaminants, reflecting the history of pollution, and providing a record of catchment inputs into aquatic ecosystems.
The Yan Shuei Gang River watershed is one the river watersheds in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan. It is 5-km long, drains a catchment of more than 1,200 ha. Part of the river water is from the domestic drainage areas located in the upper catchment. In Linhai Industrial Parks, there are more than 493 registered industrial factories that discharge their wastewater into the Yan Shuei Gang River. Thus, recent water and sediments quality analysis indicates that the Yan Shuei Gang River is heavily polluted.
The major objectives of this study were to (1) perform water quality and sediments sampling and analyses, (2) perform water quality simulation and demonstrates the model application to the Yan Shuei Gang River, (3) assess the water and sediments quality, (4) provide foci for immediate remediation efforts, (5) provide benchmark levels to test outcomes of future remediation efforts, (6) design a novel extraction technique that utilizes a mildly elevated pressure in consecutive cycles with a chelating agent for the sediment slurry.
Water quality investigation results show that the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and suspended solid (SS) average concentrations in water samples of the Salt-water River varied from 10.2 to 194, 8.51 to 18.3, and 7.9 to 19.5 mg/L, respectively. The results of the chemical analysis of the Salt-water River surface sediments showed that the sediments present highly elevated Cd, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe concentrations. Investigation results reveal that sediment samples contained significant amount of iron (up to 3.6%), Cr (up to 66.5 mg/kg), Pb (up to 36.5 mg/kg), Ni (up to 43 mg/kg), and Al (up to 1.8%). All heavy metal concentrations were higher than the world average, sediments average and sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Although all metals showed varied concentrations, the approaches of factor analysis, normalized enrichment factor (EF), and the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) proposed in this paper were effectively used to differentiate the natural and anthropogenic sources of the metals.
Both the EF and Igeo indicated similar anthropogenic contamination degree of the metals. The potential acute toxicity in sediment of Yan Shuei Gang River was observed to be mainly due to Cu contamination. Cu was the major toxicity contributor accounting for 32-46% of the total toxicity in Salt-water River, followed by Zn.
The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) model developed by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was selected as a water quality planning tool to perform the water quality evaluation. Modeling results show that the current daily pollutant inputs were much higher than the calculated carrying capacity for nutrients and BOD of the Yan Shuei Gang River. Based on the results from this study, the following remedial strategies have been proposed to minimize the impacts of industry and domestic source pollution on the water quality of Salt-water River: (1) increase the flow by transporting 1 m3/s unpolluted surface water from other sources to dilute the polluted river water, (2) construction of the intercepting systems to effective intercept and transport the untreated wastewater to the wastewater treatment systems.
The sediments batch extracted by 150 psi pressure cycles has the most Cu removed rater (70%), much higher than without treatment (55%) or with 90 psi pressure cycles treatment (65%). Pressure-assisted extraction achieves in 60 min the amounts of Cu equal to or exceeding those achieved in 240 min without pressure cycles under the same concentration conditions. This research indicates that the advantages of pressure cycle system are increased process speed, more thorough extraction, and reduced use of the chelating agent. The heightened treatment is explained by sediments aggregate fracturing upon pressure cycles that exposes the contaminants as well as by the chelating agents. The technique is expected to accelerate extraction treatment of a wide range of heavy metal contaminants, and it may provide treatment to dredged and stored contaminated sediments.
Experience obtained from this study will be helpful in designing the sediment and river management strategies for other similar river watersheds.

謝誌 I
摘要 III
Abstract V
目錄 VII
表目錄 X
圖目錄 XII
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究地點 2
1.3 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1 場址概述 5
2.1.1 鹽水港溪背景介紹 5
2.1.2 鹽水港溪污染現況 7
2.2 水質模式評選與應用 7
2.2.1 水質模式之評選 8
2.2.2 水質模式WASP簡介 10
2.2.3 水質模式WASP模擬原理 12
2.3 底泥污染來源 16
2.3.1 底泥之定義 16
2.3.2 底泥重金屬污染來源 17
2.3.3 重金屬污染特性 19
2.4 底泥品質指標 25
2.4.1 底泥品質指引 26
2.4.2 底泥重金屬富集因子 27
2.4.3 地質累積指標 29
2.5 重金屬污染底泥整治技術 30
2.5.1 現地整治技術 30
2.5.2 離地整治技術 33
第三章 材料與方法 37
3.1 現場數據蒐集 37
3.2 水質及底泥分析方法建立 40
3.2.1 底泥耗氧量測定 40
3.2.2 底泥有機質分析 41
3.2.3 粒徑分析 41
3.3 底泥萃取實驗建立 43
3.3.1 實驗流程 43
3.3.2 實驗模組 43
3.3.3 實驗條件設定 43
3.4 水質模式建立 46
3.4.1模擬網格之建立 46
3.4.2 水理參數推估 48
3.4.3 祛氧係數K1 (BOD deoxygenation rate) 53
3.4.4 再曝氣係數k2 (reaeration rate constant) 53
3.4.5 延散係數 (dispersion exchange coefficient) 55
3.4.6 底泥耗氧率 55
3.4.7 點源污染 55
3.5 模式檢定方式 59
第四章 結果與討論 61
4.1 主河段之水文調查與採樣分析 61
4.1.1 主河段水文調查結果 61
4.1.2 水質監測結果 61
4-2 沿岸箱涵與排水渠道之水文量測及採樣分析 70
4.2.1 沿岸箱涵與排水渠道水文量測結果 70
4.2.2 沿岸箱涵與排水渠道水質量測結果 70
4.2.3 沿岸箱涵與排水渠道每日污染負荷計算 71
4.3 底泥品質分析 84
4.3.1 底泥基本特性 84
4.3.2 底泥重金屬分析 89
4.3.3 底泥品質指引 96
4.4水質整治策略研擬 100
4.4.1模式之驗證 100
4.4.2 整治策略模擬 100
4.5 底泥整治策略研擬 108
4.5.1 底泥基本特性分析 108
4.5.2 壓力循環系統破碎之效果 109
4.5.3 不同操作條件對壓力循環系統萃取之影響 109
4.5.4 萃取次數之影響 110
第五章 結論與建議 115
5.1 結論 115
5.2 建議 117
參考文獻 118
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