本研究響應「生態文明建設」等政策要求，探究離岸風電等再生能源發展需求下，如何透過海洋生態補償機制補償因開發產生的無法迴避和減輕之影響，實現發展和保護並存。本文學習整理在開發建設前先進行保護復育活動的美國、澳洲和德國補償機制，從中提取規劃、保護和復育、環境影響評價、補償匹配方式、評估方式、財務保障與監管等關鍵內容，對比經專家驗證的中國現況，發現中國海洋生態補償機制存在內容不足和補償時間點偏後的問題。參考海陸環境差異和海洋生態補償實踐中總結的關鍵因素，結合專家建議提出符合中國背景的海洋生態補償機制改善建議，提出需要建立較高層級的生態補償法律約束生態補償機制，具體內容則是在規劃階段以五年計畫等大型政策目標階段性調整規劃內容，劃定可用於保護復育活動的補償活動區域，結合政策開發目標進行策略環評，評估可能開發影響作為保護復育活動目標，在政府主導下利用海洋生態保護修復資金作為財務保障，由專業機構實施保護復育活動，使用一致的方法評估保護復育收益和項目環評獲得的具體開發影響，並量化為生態點數，在國家生態賬戶中匹配，之後在政府主導下委託第三方對保護復育活動和開發影響進行持續監測，了解保護復育成效和開發方式後續影響，不斷調整保護復育計畫和補償需求，並不斷豐富資料庫供未來調查和研究使用。

In response to the policy requirement of "The Construction of Ecological Civilization", this study investigates how to compensate for the unavoidable and mitigated impacts of development through marine ecological compensation mechanisms to realize the coexistence of development and protection under the demand of offshore wind power development. we learn from the compensation mechanisms in the United States, Australia and Germany, which carry out protection and restoration activities before construction, and extract the key contents of planning, protection and restoration, environmental impact assessment, compensation matching methods, assessment methods, financial security and supervision, etc. Comparing with the current situation in China verified by experts, we find that the marine ecological compensation mechanism in China has insufficient contents and late compensation timing. With reference to the differences between land and sea environments and the key factors summarized in the practice of marine ecological compensation, we propose to improve the marine ecological compensation mechanism in accordance with the Chinese context by combining the experts' suggestions. It is necessary to establish a higher-level ecological compensation law to bind the ecological compensation mechanism, adjust the planning content with policy objectives, delineate the conservation and restoration areas activities, conduct strategic environmental assessment, and evaluate development impact as the target of conservation and restoration. The conservation and restoration funds are used as the financial guarantee, and the government-led conservation and restoration activities are carried out by professional organizations, using a consistent method to evaluate the conservation and restoration benefits and the specific development impacts obtained from the project EIA, and quantify them as ecological points to be matched in the national ecological account. Subsequently, a third party will continuously monitor conservation and restoration activities and development impacts, to understand the effectiveness of conservation and restoration and the subsequent impacts of development, to continuously adjust restoration plans and compensation needs, and to continuously enrich the database for future surveys and researches.

目 錄
論文審定書 i
誌謝 ii
摘要 iii
ABSTRACT iv
圖目錄 x
表目錄 xi
第 一 章 緒 論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
一 研究動機 1
二 研究問題 1
三 研究目的 2
第二節 研究方法與流程 2
第三節 論文架構 2
第 二 章 文 獻 綜 述 4
第一節、離岸風電影響 4
一、海上開發生態影響 4
二、海上開發社會影響 6
三、海上開發經濟影響 7
四、本小節總結 9
第二節、生態補償方式 9
一、開發後生態補償 10
二、開發前生態補償 11
（一）、美國『溼地銀行』 12
（二）、澳洲西南威爾士生物多樣性補償 15
（三）、德國「補償庫」和「生態賬戶」 17
三、本小節總結 19
第三節、海上生態補償現狀和困難 20
一、海上生態復育現狀 20
二、海洋與陸域環境差異 25
三、本小節總結 27
一、中國離岸風電開發潛力與未來 28
二、中國離岸風電開發和生態補償現況 28
三、中國相關法律和單位 31
四、本小節總結 41
第 三 章 研 究 方 法 42
第一節、 文獻分析法 42
第二節、 比較研究法 43
第三節、 專家學者深度訪談法 44
第四節、 研究流程 48
第 四 章 中國海洋生態補償機制分析與建議 49
第一節 中國現行海洋生態補償機制更正 49
第二節 美國、澳洲和德國機制分析整理 59
第三節 中國海洋生態補償機制改善建議 66
第 五 章 結 論 與 建 議 79
第一節 研究結論 79
第二節 研究建議 80
參考文獻 83
附錄 92
附錄一：自然资源部职能配置 92
附錄二：生态环境部职责 94
附錄三：国家发展和改革委员会职能配置与内设机构 96
附錄四：财政部主要职能 101
附錄五：审计署简介 103
附錄六：交通运输部海事局主要职责 104
附錄七：海域使用管理法 105
附錄八：海洋環境保護法 112
附錄九：環境影響評價法 124
附錄十：中华人民共和国立法法 129
附錄十一：海洋工程环境影响评价管理规定 143
附錄十二：海上風電開發建設管理辦法 147
附錄十三：防治海洋工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例 151
附錄十四：广西壮族自治区海洋生态补偿管理办法 159
附錄十五：河北省海洋生态补偿管理办法 161
附錄十六：厦门市海洋生态补偿管理办法 163
附錄十七：厦门市海洋环境保护若干规定 165
附錄十八：海洋生态保护修复资金管理办法 169
附錄十九：山东省海洋环境质量生态补偿办法 172 

圖目錄
圖1 1 研究流程圖 3
圖2-1 美國溼地減輕銀行 14
圖2-2 澳洲生物多樣性補償in New South Wales 17
圖2-3 德國補償庫和生態賬戶 18
圖2-4 中國離岸風電開發和生態補償流程圖（第一部分） 36
圖2-5 中國離岸風電開發和生態補償流程圖（第二部分） 37
圖3-1 研究流程 48
圖4-1 中國離岸風電開發生態補償流程圖更正（第一部分） 53
圖4-2 中國離岸風電開發生態補償流程圖更正（第二部分） 54
圖4-3 中國海洋生態補償機制初步改善建議 65
圖4-4 結合專家建議的中國海洋生態補償機制改善建議 71
 
表目錄
表2-1 美國溼地銀行機制角色和工作內容對應表 14
表2-2 澳洲生物多樣性補償機制角色和工作內容對應表 16
表2-3 德國生物多樣性補償機制角色和工作內容對應表 18
表2-4 各國生物多樣性補償機制及實踐一覽 19
表2-5 濱海和海洋生態復育方式類型和舉例 21
表2-6 生物多樣性補償機制關鍵因素和原則一覽表 24
表2-7 中國陸域生態補償方式 29
表2-8 參考離岸風電項目與對應環境影響報告書 30
表3-1 專家訪談問卷設計 45
表3-2 第I部分：中國海洋生態補償情況了解與確定問卷 46
表3-3 第II部分：中國海洋生態補償機制改善實踐建議問卷 47
表3-4 專家訪談對象相關內容 48
表4-1問卷I內容編碼 55
表4-2問卷II內容編碼 72
表4-3各國生物多樣性補償機制及中國改善機制一覽 76
表4-4澳洲和美國等價性評估方式對比與中國評估方式建議 78

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