Chilika是亞洲最大的鹹水湖，位於印度奧里薩邦。湖泊透過其多樣化和巨大的資源支持大量漁民以及居住在奇利卡及其周邊地區的非漁民。該湖於1981年被指定為國際重要濕地（溼地公約下的拉姆薩爾溼地）。由於淤積加劇、雜草過多導致水量減少，對生態平衡造成嚴重威脅，因此被列入紅色名錄。BOD（生物需氧量）、湖泊面積縮小等。然而，助長威脅的主要因素純粹是人為因素。傳統漁民被排除在潟湖資源之外，專業養蝦者與負責保護潟湖的政府官員勾結，在潟湖上立足。
湖泊的資源分配和管理，政府制定了租賃政策，並不時修訂以適應不斷變化的需求和環境。然而，最近的租賃政策受到了傳統漁民和民間社會團隊的嚴厲批評，因為他們暗中支持對蝦養殖並減少了漁民的權益。九十年代，一場名為“拯救奇利卡運動”的強大運動最初興起，旨在為傳統漁民的合法利益服務，隨著時間的推移，該運動擴大到包括湖泊環境退化的更大問題，並得到了更廣泛的公民社會的支持。
在此背景下，本研究著手分析與社會運動相關的社會經濟和環境因素。該研究側重於歸納分析方法，該方法允許從運動數據中產生理論。為了分析受這些租賃政策影響的人們的狀況，我們從位於奇利卡及其周邊的村莊的家庭中收集了數據。村莊的選擇採用分層抽樣的方法，使樣本更具代表性。該研究考察了租賃政策的各個方面，並將人們發起的運動置於背景之中。
數據結果表明，漁民是邊緣化社區，面臨各種社會經濟瓶頸。此外，對各種租賃政策的分析揭示了其不足之處，這主要是造成依賴Chilika的人們的遺憾狀態的主要原因，並強調當地社區在湖泊資源決策中發揮更大作用是唯一的出路。
最後，該研究最後提出了一系列政策替代方案，以保護和永續發展湖泊生態，以及改善生活在湖中和周圍人民的社會經濟狀況。

Chilika is the largest brackish water lake in Asia and is situated in the State of Odisha of India. The lake through its diverse and huge resource supports a large population of fishermen as well as non-fishermen living in and around Chilika. The lake was designated Wetland of International importance (Ramsar site under the Convention of Wetlands) in the year 1981. It was placed in the red list because of the serious threats to its ecological balance caused due to increasing siltation, excessive weeds leading to decrease in BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand), shrinkage of lake area etc. However, a major factor abetting the threat was purely anthropogenic. The traditional fishermen were pushed aside from the lagoon resources and professional shrimp cultivators were gaining foothold on the lagoon in cahoots with the government officials responsible for conservation of the lagoon.
The resources distribution and management of the lake, Government has devised lease policy and it has been revised from time to time to cater to the changing needs and environment. However, recent lease policy has come under severe criticism from the traditional fishermen as well as civil society groups for implicitly favoring the shrimp culture and reducing the stake of fishermen. In the nineties, a strong movement namely ‘Save Chilika Movements’ arose initially to serve the legitimate interest of traditional fishermen which with time expanded to include the larger issue of environmental degradation of the lake and found support from the wider civic societies.
With this background, this study sets out to analyze the socio-economic and environmental factors related to social movements. The study focused on the Inductive Analysis method which allows theory to emerge from the data of movement. To analyze the condition of the people affected by these lease policies, data has been collected from the households of the villages situated in and around Chilika. The stratified sampling approach has been adopted for selection of villages to make the sample more representative. The study examines the various facets of the lease policies and contextualizes the movement initiated by the people.
The findings from the data suggest that the fishermen are the marginalized community and suffer from various socio-economic bottlenecks. Moreover, the analysis of the various lease policies informs about the its inadequacies which are primarily responsible for the sorry state of the people dependent on Chilika and highlights that greater role of local community in decision making of the lake resource is only way forward.
Finally, the study concludes with recommendation of a range of policy alternatives for conservation and sustainable development of lake ecology as well as to ameliorate the socio-economic condition of the people living in and around it.

Table of Contents
Dissertation Validation Letter i
Acknowledgement ii
摘 要 iv
Abstract v
Term Definitions vii
Structure of the Dissertation ix
Table of Contents x
Table of Figures xiii
Table of Tables xiv
Chapter 1 THE STUDY: ISSUES AND PERSPECTIVES 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Development in Global Perspective and Ecological Crisis 3
1.2.1 Development and Environmental Crisis: Paradigms of the Environment 8
1.3 Relationship between Man and Environment 9
1.4 Liberalization Policy and Ecology in India 17
1.5 The Problem of the Study 22
1.6 Summary 28
Chapter 2: THEORIES, METHODOLOGY & FIELD WORK 29
2.1 Theories 29
2.1.1 Environmentalism 29
2.1.2 Environmental Philosophy in India 34
2.1.3. New Social Movements (India and Third World) 38
2.1.4. Ideology and Environmental Conflicts 47
2.1.5 Global Environmental Management 58
2.1.6 Policy and Natural Resource Management (NRM) 59
2.1.7 India Environmental Management 62
2.2 Research Methodology 65
2.2.1 Formulation of Hypothesis 65
2.2.2. Research Site 77
2.2.3. Research Framework 79
2.2.4 Data Collection and its methods 80
2.2.5. Data Analysis 82
2.2.6 Limitations of Study 84
Chapter 3: CHILIKA: AN INTEGRATED LAKE 86
3.1 Ecology of Chilika: History, Geography, Society and Economic Features 86
3.2 Socio-economic profile of Chilika 93
3.2.1 Social structure of Chilika and Dependent Community 93
3.2.2 Fishing in Chilika 101
3.2.3 Socio-economic Profiles of Households in and around Chilika 108
3.2.4 Nutritional Deficiency among Indian Fishermen: An Overview 124
3.3 The Cultural Ecology of the Lake 125
3.3.1. Chilika: A Cultural Symbol 125
Chapter 4: POLICY FRAMEWORK AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 130
4.1 Liberalization Policy and Social Change for the Lake Ecology 130
4.1.1 Shrimp Cultivation in Lake Chilika 131
4.1.2 Environmental Degradation of Chilika 134
4.1.3 Tata Project (1991–1994) 141
4.2 Chilika Lease Policy: It’s Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact 143
4.2.1 Before Independence (Pre-1947) 143
4.2.2 1953 Lease Policy 144
4.2.3 1959 Lease Policy 144
4.2.4 1988 Lease Policy 145
4.2.5 1991 Plethora of Contradictions 146
4.2.6 Orissa High Court Decision on 1991 Lease Policy 147
4.3 The Andolan Against Shrimp Farm Project in Chilika: The Movements' Perspective 151
Chapter 5 PEOPLE’S STRUGGLE IN CHILIKA 153
5.1 Chilika Bachao Andolan (CBA): Save Chilika Movement 153
5.2 Role of Meet the Student's in the Movement 154
5.3. Rule of the Courts of Law 157
5.4. Kalijai and 'Save Chilika Movement' (January 1998) 160
5.5 Role of Women in the Movement 167
5.6 The Conflict over Common Property Rights (CPR) and Local Action on Chilika 169
Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS 173
6.1 Summation of Thesis 173
6.2 Policy Alternatives 181
6.3 Conclusion 184
Bibliography 188
APPENDIX 195
APPENDIX I: List of 137 villages in and around Chilika 195
APPENDIX II: GLOSSARY OF ORIYA/HINDI WORDS 196
Appendix III: Chronology of the Chilika Bachao Movement (CBA) 197
APPENDIX IV 203
ABBREVIATIOS 213
A Panoramic View of Chilika 214
 
Table of Figures
Figure 1-1: Prawn Landing in Chilika 22
Figure 1-2: Chilika lake with its physical boundaries 23
 
Table of Tables
Table 1-1: Fish, Prawn and Crab landing in Chilika (in M.T) 21
Table 2-1: Membership of Major Environmental Organizations of the United States (US) in different years 32
Table 3-1: List of 15 Sample Village by Region and Major Occupation 92
Table 3-2: Region wise selected demographic features of Fifteen Sample Villages in and around Chilika 92
Table 3-3: Tehsil-wise break-up of the number of non-fishermen engaged in fishing operation in Chilika 99
Table 3-4: Types and Number of Fisheries in Chilika 102
Table 3-5: Distribution of the sample households in Different Regions of Chilika on the Basis of Castes (Gen/SC/OBC/SEBC) 109
Table 3-6: Distribution of Sample Households in different regions of Chilika on the Basis of their Castes/Sub-castes 110
Table 3-7 : Region-wise Distribution of Member of Samples Households according to their years of schooling (in % ) 110
Table 3-8: Distribution of All the Sample Households on Literacy Level from Gender perspective (in %) 111
Table 3-9: Region-wise Occupational Pattern of Sample Households in and Around Chilika 112
Table 3-10: Region wise Occupational Distribution (in %)of Households in and around Chilika 113
Table 3-11: Percentage share of possession of Occupational Equipment by the Sample households for fishing 114
Table 3-12: Caste-wise per Capita Consumption-Expenditure of the Members of Sample Households ( per Annum) 114
Table 3-13: Annual Net Income (in Rs.) of the Sample Households by type of Household 115
Table 3-14 : Annual per capita income of the members of sample fishermen and non fishermen engaged in culture 115
Table 3-15: Sources of Loan of the Sample Households (in %) 116
Table 3-16: Purpose of Loan of the Sample Households 117
Table 3-17: Fishermen by Cooperative Society and Help Received from it from the Sample Households 122

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