在過去十年，我們看到奧地利和世界各地的政黨和組織在社交媒體上變得越來越專業。越來越多的倡導團體和政治人物開始善用社交媒體實現他們的政治目標，其中一個方法就是基層遊說。
這篇文章的目的是總結現況，通過檢查文獻並對183名奧地利國會成員的Facebook、X（Twitter）和Instagram帳戶進行定量分析，放在奧地利的視角下看看情況。
雖然社交媒體因為互動性、促進反饋循環和實時溝通能力在動員公眾方面很理想，但對奧地利政治人物的溝通卻沒有那麼實用。即便奧地利的議會成員覺得社交媒體對他們的政治工作很重要，但他們似乎沒有充分發揮其互動的潛力。
奧地利政治人物使用社交媒體的主要動機是自我展示、快速分享簡單信息，以及與新目標受眾聯繫。儘管奧地利的國會議員廣泛使用Facebook和Instagram，但在互動和政治參與方面的利用還是有限。相比之下，Twitter則被積極用於互動，但在奧地利國會成員中的使用率並不算高。另外，年輕的議會議員在社交媒體上的互動水平並沒有明顯提升。
總的來說，來自較小、較新和左傾政黨的人在社交媒體上更加積極參與。相反地，儘管自由黨（FPÖ）是奧地利第一個善用社交媒體並在各平台上保持受歡迎的政黨之一（除了Twitter），但他們與選民的互動卻相對較少。

Over the last decade, we have witnessed an increased professionalization of social media practices by political parties and organizations in Austria and around the world. Advocacy groups and political actors increasingly use social media to achieve their political goals. One of those methods used, is grassroots lobbying.
This paper aims to summarize the current scientific state of affaire and putting it into an Austrian perspective, by examining existing literature and quantitively analyzing the Facebook, X (Twitter) and Instagram accounts of all 183 Austrian National Council Members.
While social media is ideal for mobilizing the public in Austria (and around the world), due to its interactive features, fostering feedback loops and real-time communication ability, it is less useful for communication with Austrian politicians. Even though Austrian parliament members attribute great importance to social media in their political work, they are not using its interactivity to their fullest extent. The biggest motives for using social media for Austrian politicians are self-presentation, fast and uncomplicated information sharing and communication, and reaching out to (new) target audiences.
Despite the widespread adoption of Facebook and Instagram by Austrian parliamentarians, their utilization for interaction and political engagement remains limited. In contrast, X (Twitter) is actively employed for interaction, yet its prevalence among members of the Austrian National Council is not substantial. Furthermore, younger Members of Parliament do not demonstrate a significantly heightened level of interactive engagement on social media.
Generally, individuals from smaller, newer, and left-leaning parties engage more actively on social media. On the contrary, members of the right leaning FPÖ, despite being the first party in Austria to harness the potential of social media and maintaining popularity on various platforms (excluding Twitter), exhibit minimal interaction with their constituents.

Thesis Validation Letter i
Abstract (Chinese) ii
Abstract (English) iii
Table of Contents iv
1.Introduction 1
2.Terminology 2
3.Social Media use by Advocacy Groups (in Austria) 3
4.Social Media as a tool to mobilize the public 5
4.1.Upsides of social media as tool to mobilize the public 5
4.2.Limitations of social media as tool to mobilize the public 7
4.3.Effectiveness of social media as tool to mobilize public (in Austria) 10
5.Social media as a medium to communicate with legislators 13
6.Methodology 17
7.Results and Discussion 20
7.1.Activity, Follower Count and Usage on Facebook 20
7.2.Activity, Follower Count and Usage on X (Twitter) 22
7.3.Activity, Follower Count and Usage on Instagram 25
7.4.Usage rate and Interactivity 27
7.5.Representatives under 35 29
7.6.Party Affiliation 30
7.7.General discussion 34
8.Conclusion 36
Bibliography 37
Appendix 44

APA-OTS. (Oktober 13, 2023). Die beliebtesten österreichischen Organisationen, Initiativen, Vereine und NGOs bei Twitter nach Anzahl der Follower im Oktober 2023. Statista. https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/778271/umfrage/umfrage-zur-praesenz-von-non-profit-organisationen-in-sozialen-medien-in-oesterreich/
Appleby, M. (2016). Nonprofit Organizations and the Utilization of Social Media: Maximizing and Measuring Return of Investment. SPNHA Review, 12(1). https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/spnhareview/vol12/iss1/4/
Atzmüller, F. (2019). Soziale Media Nutzung der österreichischen Nationalratsabgeordneten. [Master thesis, Institute for digital Business, Johannes Kepler University]. https://www.idb.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/SOCIAL-MEDIA-NUTZUNG-DER-%C3%96STERREICHISCHEN-NATIONALRATSABGEORDNETEN.pdf
Ausserhofer, J , Kittenberger, A , & Maireder, A (2012) Twitterpolitik Netzwerke und Themen der politischen Twittersphäre in Österreich. Universität Wien. https://www.academia.edu/1821522/Twitterpolitik_Netzwerke_und_Themen_der_politischen_Twittersph%C3%A4re_in_%C3%96sterreich
Bendel, O. (2018). Soziale Medien. Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon. https://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de/definition/soziale-medien-52673/version-275791
Ben-Porat, C. S, & Lehman-Wilzig, S. (2021). Electoral system influence on social network usage patterns of parliamentary assistants as their legislators’ stand-in: The United States, Germany, and Israel. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1022–1044. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820906553
Bestvater, S., Shah, S., Rivero, G. & Smith, A. (June 16, 2022). Politics on Twitter: One-Third of Tweets From U.S. Adults Are Political. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2022/06/16/politics-on-twitter-one-third-of-tweets-from-u-s-adults-are-political/
Bode, L. (2017). Gateway Political Behaviors: The Frequency and Consequences of Low-Cost Political Engagement on Social Media. Social Media + Society, 3(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117743349
Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: a meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524 - 538. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542
Boulianne, S. (2020). Twenty Years of Digital Media Effects on Civic and Political Participation. Communication Research, 47(7), 947–966. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650218808186
Boulianne, S., & Theocharis, Y. (2020). Young People, Digital Media, and Engagement: A Meta-Analysis of Research. Social Science Computer Review, 38(2), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318814190
Britannica. (October 18, 2023). lobbying. https://www.britannica.com/topic/lobbying.
Bundeskanzleramt (Österreich), & Institut für Strategieanalysen. (August 30, 2017). Welche Dienste nutzen Sie, um sich über politische Themen zu informieren? Statista. https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/748154/umfrage/beliebteste-social-media-networks-zum-nutzungsmotiv-politische-information-in-oesterreich/
Chae, Y., Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2019). Meta-analysis of the relationship between Internet use and political participation: examining main and moderating effects. Asian Journal of Communication, 29(1), 35 - 54. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2018.1499121
Chen, K., Lee, N. & Marble, W. (2019). How Policymakers Evaluate Online versus Offline Constituent Messages. Working Paper. Available at SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3251651
Chu, P., Tseng, H. & Chen, Y. (2019). Will Facebook Encourage Citizen Participation?: The Case of Taiwan Legislators' Facebook Strategies. International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age (IJPADA), 6(1). https://www.igi-global.com/gateway/article/217714
Chu, T. H. & Yeo, T. E. D. (2018). Rethinking Social Media and Political Engagement: An Examination of the Disconnective Practices of Politically Active Youths in Hong Kong. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Media and Society (SMSociety '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1145/3217804.3217896
Cluverius, J. (2017). How the Flattened Costs of Grassroots Lobbying Affect Legislator Responsiveness. Political Research Quarterly, 70(2), 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916688110
Comunello, F., Mulargia, S., & Parisi, L. (2016). The ‘Proper’ Way to Spread Ideas through Social Media: Exploring the Affordances and Constraints of Different Social Media Platforms as Perceived by Italian Activists. The Sociological Review, 64(3), 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12378
Cook, J. M. (2016). Twitter Adoption in U.S. Legislatures: A Fifty-State Study. In Proceedings of the 7th 2016 International Conference on Social Media & Society (SMSociety '16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Artikel 10, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1145/2930971.2930982
DataReportal, & We Are Social, & Meltwater. (Februar 12, 2023). Welche dieser Social-Media Plattformen nutzen Sie regelmäßig? Statista. https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/184936/umfrage/beliebteste-soziale-netzwerke-in-oesterreich-nach-nutzung/
Davis, R., & Taras, D. (2022). Electoral Campaigns, Media, and the New World of Digital Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/book.100677
Dietrich, N., Gersin, E., & Herweg, A. (2017). Analysemöglichkeiten der Online-Kommunikation auf Social Network Sites am Beispiel PEGIDA und Facebook. In: Muslime, Flüchtlinge und Pegida. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-17603-7_9
DukeHealth. Lobbying Definitions, Exceptions, and Examples. https://govrelations.duke.edu/ethics-and-compliance/lobbying-definitions-exceptions-and-examples
Dumitrica, D. & Felt, M. (2020). Mediated grassroots collective action: negotiating barriers of digital activism. Information, Communication & Society, (23)13, 1821-1837. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2019.1618891
Ekström, M (2016). Young people’s everyday political talk: a social achievement of democratic engagement. Journal of Youth Studies, 19(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1048207
Enikolopov, R., Makarin, A. and Petrova, M. (2020). Social Media and Protest Participation: Evidence From Russia. Econometrica, 88, 1479-1514. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA14281
Fanpage Karma. (September 6, 2023). Ranking der beliebtesten Society-Seiten bei Facebook in Österreich nach Anzahl der Facebook-Fans im September 2023 (in 1.000). Statista. https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/296327/umfrage/gesellschaftsseiten-bei-facebook-in-oesterreich-nach-anzahl-der-fans/
Felt, M., Dumitrica, D., & Teruelle, R. (2018). Social Media Obstacles in Grassroots Civic Mobilizations. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Media and Society. (SMSociety '18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1145/3217804.3217899
Figenschou, T.U., & Fredheim, N. (2020). Interest groups on social media: Four forms of networked advocacy. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2012
Flew, T. (2017). Media convergence. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/media-convergence.
Foust, C., & Hoyt, K. (2018). Social movement 2.0: integrating and assessing scholarship on social media and movement. Review of Communication, 18(1), 37 - 55. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2017.1411970
Greijdanus, H., Fernandes, C.A., Turner-Zwinkels, F., Honari, A., Roos, C., Rosenbusch, H., & Postmes, T. (2020). The psychology of online activism and social movements: relations between online and offline collective action. Current Opinion in Psychology, 35, 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.03.003
Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2014). Tweeting Social Change: How Social Media Are Changing Nonprofit Advocacy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(1), 57–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764012471585
Guo, C., & Saxton, G. D. (2018). Speaking and Being Heard: How Nonprofit Advocacy Organizations Gain Attention on Social Media. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 47(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764017713724
Hemphill, L; Roback, A. J. (2014). Tweet acts: how constituents lobby congress via Twitter. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work & social computing (CSCW '14). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1200–1210. https://doi.org/10.1145/2531602.2531735
Hestres, L. E. (2017). Tools Beyond Control: Social Media and the Work of Advocacy Organizations. Social Media + Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305117714237
Hong, S. & Nadler, D. (2015). Social media and political voices of organized interest groups: a descriptive analysis. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 210–216. https://doi.org/10.1145/2757401.2757416
Hou, Y. & Lampe, C. (2015). Social Media Effectiveness for Public Engagement: Example of Small Nonprofits. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 3107–3116. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702557
Hurtz, S. (January 25, 2015). Ohne Facebook kein Pegida. Süddeutsche Zeitung. https://www.sueddeutsche.de/digital/digitaler-stammtisch-ohne-facebook-kein-pegida-1.2321113
Icha, O., & Agwu, P.E. (2015). Effectiveness of Social Media Networks as a Strategic Tool for Organizational Marketing Management. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 21(1), 1-7. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3122422
Kaplan, A. M. (2018). Social Media, Definition, and History. In: Alhajj R., Rokne J. (eds) Encyclopedia of Social Network Analysis and Mining. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7131-2_95
Kemp, S. (February 22, 2022). Digital 2022. Austria. DataReportal. https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-austria
Kende, A., van Zomeren, M., Ujhelyi, A. & Lantos, N.A. (2016), The social affirmation use of social media as a motivator of collective action. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 46(8), 453-469. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12375
Kristofferson, K., White, K., & Peloza, J. (2014). The Nature of Slacktivism: How the Social Observability of an Initial Act of Token Support Affects Subsequent Prosocial Action. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(6), 1149-1166. https://doi.org/10.1086/674137
Kwak, N., Lane, D., Weeks, B.E., Kim, D., Lee, S.S., & Bachleda, S. (2018). Perceptions of Social Media for Politics: Testing the Slacktivism Hypothesis. Human Communication Research, 44(2), 197-221. https://academic.oup.com/hcr/article-abstract/44/2/197/4957051?redirectedFrom=fulltext
Lee, Y., & Hsieh, G. (2013). Does slacktivism hurt activism?: the effects of moral balancing and consistency in online activism. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 811–820. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470770
Lovejoy, K. & Saxton, G.D. (2012). Information, Community, and Action: How Nonprofit Organizations Use Social Media*. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01576.x
Magin, M., Podschuweit, N., Haßler, J. & Russmann, U. (2017). Campaigning in the fourth age of political communication. A multi-method study on the use of Facebook by German and Austrian parties in the 2013 national election campaigns. Information, Communication & Society, 20, 1698 - 1719. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1254269
Maireder, A, & Ausserhofer, J. (2014). Political Discourses on Twitter: Networking Topics ,Objects and People. Twitter and Society. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwi85ojVjqyCAxVTGIgKHapCB8cQFnoECBAQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhi.ac.uk%2Fsan%2Fwaysofbeing%2Fdata%2Fcommunication-zangana-maireder-2013.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1bKkQ5RkKMefMCCqLvU1XL&opi=89978449
McDonald, S., Nardi, B. & Tomlinson, B. (2017). Political Realities of Digital Communication: The Limits of Value from Digital Messages to Members of the US Congress. In Proceedings of the 2017 Workshop on Computing Within Limits (LIMITS '17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1145/3080556.3080565
Melki, J. (2014). Digital Activism: Efficacies and Burdens of Social Media for Civic Activism. Arab Media & Society, 19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335974350_Digital_Activism_Efficacies_and_Burdens_of_Social_Media_for_Civic_Activism
Mousavi, R., & Gu, B. (2019). The impact of Twitter adoption on lawmakers’ voting orientations. Information Systems Research, 30(1), 133-153. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/isre.2018.0791
Nekmat, E., Gower, K. K., Zhou, S., & Metzger, M. (2019). Connective-Collective Action on Social Media: Moderated Mediation of Cognitive Elaboration and Perceived Source Credibility on Personalness of Source. Communication Research, 46(1), 62–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215609676
Obar J. A., Zube P., & Lampe C. (2012). Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action. Journal of Information Policy, 2, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.0001
Palfrey, J. & Gasser, U. (2008): Born Digital. Understanding the first Generation of Digital Natives. Basic Books. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-19481-000.
Parlament Österreich. (July 10, 2014). Abgeordnete erhalten höheres Budget für persönliche MitarbeiterInnen. https://www.parlament.gv.at/aktuelles/pk/jahr_2014/pk0693
Penney, J. (2015), Social Media and Symbolic Action: Exploring Participation in the Facebook Red Equal Sign Profile Picture Campaign. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20(1), 52-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12092
Pospieszna, P. & Galus, A. (2019). ‘Liberation Technology’ or ‘Net Delusion’? Civic Activists’ Perceptions of Social Media as a Platform for Civic Activism in Belarus and Ukraine. Europe-Asia Studies, 71(10), 1664-1684. https://doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2019.1623176
Quorum Analytics. (December 15, 2021). Total number of social media posts by members of the U.S. Congress in 2021, by platform [Graph]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/958814/total-number-posts-per-platform-congress-members-usa/
Quorum Analytics. (December 17, 2020). Percentage of U.S. Congress members who posted on official social media accounts in 2020 [Graph]. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/958794/congress-members-posted-official-social-media-accounts-usa/
Ross, K., Fountaine, S., & Comrie, M. (2015). Facing up to Facebook: politicians, publics and the social media(ted) turn in New Zealand. Media, Culture & Society, 37(2), 251–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443714557983
Saferinternet.at. (March 23, 2023). Welche der folgenden Internetplattformen nutzt Du? Statista. https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/555661/umfrage/nutzung-sozialer-netzwerke-durch-jugendliche-in-oesterreich/
Schradie, J. (2018). The Digital Activism Gap: How Class and Costs Shape Online Collective Action. Social Problems, 65(1), 51-74. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spx042
Schumann, S., & Klein, O. (2015). Substitute or stepping stone? Assessing the impact of low-threshold online collective actions on offline participation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 308– 322. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2084
Schwarzenegger, C. (2019). Eine Geschichte der Social Media in Österreich. In: Karmasin, M., Oggolder, C. Österreichische Mediengeschichte. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-23421-8_14
Shewale, R. (Septermner 12, 2023). Social Media Users — Global Demographics (2023). DemandSage. https://www.demandsage.com/social-media-users/
Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1817–1839. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616221
Statista. (August 29, 2023c). Most used social media platforms by type in Austria as of June 2023 https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1001239/most-used-social-media-platforms-by-type-in-austria
Statista. (August 30, 2023d). Beliebteste soziale Netzwerke in Österreich im Jahr 2023. https://de.statista.com/prognosen/1000235/oesterreich-beliebteste-soziale-netzwerke
Statista. (July 25, 2023b). Number of social media users in Austria from 2019 to 2028 (in millions). https://www.statista.com/statistics/567339/predicted-number-of-social-network-users-in-austria/
Statista. (October 19, 2023a). Number of internet and social media users worldwide as of October 2023 (in billions). https://www.statista.com/statistics/617136/digital-population-worldwide/
Statista. (October 28, 2022). Social media and politics in the United States - Statistics & Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/3723/social-media-and-politics-in-the-united-states/#topicOverview
Statistik Austria. (Oktober 19, 2021). Anteil der Unternehmen mit Social Media-Nutzung in Österreich in 2019 und 2021. https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/623604/umfrage/unternehmen-mit-nutzung-sozialer-netzwerke-in-oesterreich-nach-wirtschaftszweigen/
Straus, J.R., Williams, R.T. & Shogan, C.J., & Glassman, M. (2016). Congressional social media communications: evaluating Senate Twitter usage. Online Inf. Rev., 40(5), 643-659. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-10-2015-0334
Tromble, R. (2018). Thanks for (actually) responding! How citizen demand shapes politicians’ interactive practices on Twitter. New Media & Society, 20(2), 676–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816669158
Uldam, J. (2018). Social media visibility: challenges to activism. Media, Culture & Society, 40(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443717704997
Vaccari, C., Valeriani, A., Barberá, P., Bonneau, R., Jost, J.T., Nagler, J. and Tucker, J.A. (2015). Political Expression and Action on Social Media: Exploring the Relationship Between Lower- and Higher-Threshold Political Activities Among Twitter Users in Italy. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 20, 221-239. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12108
Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the Use of Social Media for Protest Behavior: The Roles of Information, Opinion Expression, and Activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920–942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479375
van der Graaf, A., Otjes, S., & Rasmussen, A. (2016). Weapon of the weak? The social media landscape of interest groups. European Journal of Communication, 31(2), 120–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323115612210
Wahlström, M., Kocyba P., de Vydt M. & de Moor, J. (2019). Protes tfor a future: Composition, mobilization and motives of the participants in Fridays For Future climate protests on 15 March, 2019 in 13 European cities. https://www.academia.edu/download/86342886/20190709_Protest_for_a_future_GCS_Descriptive_Report.pdf
Wandhoefer T., Thamm M., Joshi S. (2011). Politician 2.0: Information Behavior and Dissemination on Social Networking Sites – Gaps and Best-Practices. eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjk49CqrKeCAxVOHnAKHfruAw8QFnoECAwQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fjedem.org%2Findex.php%2Fjedem%2Farticle%2Fview%2F78%2F90&usg=AOvVaw1xddnkxzSGQa5fi_x_rrYP&opi=89978449
Weller, K , Bruns, A , Burgess, J , Mahrt, M , & Puschmann. (2014). Twitter and Society. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272883123_Weller_et_al_Twitter_and_Society
Wilkins, D.J., Livingstone, A.G., & Levine, M. (2019). All click, no action? Online action, efficacy perceptions, and prior experience combine to affect future collective action. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.007
Wojcik, S. & Hughes, A. (April 24, 2019). Sizing Up Twitter Users. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/
Xixuan Z. (2023). Diffusion dynamics and digital movement: The emergence and proliferation of the German-speaking #FridaysForFuture network on Twitter. Social Movement Studies. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14742837.2023.2211015?needAccess=true
Yoshioka, T. (2010). Lobbying. In: Anheier H.K., Toepler S. (eds) International Encyclopedia of Civil Society. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_167