在環境政策日益嚴格的背景下，有關經濟成長與環境保護共存的激烈討論愈加突出。在這樣的背景下，碳定價和綠色商品在推動環境永續與發展綠色經濟方面扮演著關鍵角色。本研究以經濟合作與發展組織國家為對象，採用引力模型，分析2014年至2019年間38位成員國的貿易數據，探討碳定價工具對綠色商品出口的影響。具體上，本研究採用三種不同的碳定價衡量指標，並且引入其他環境變數至實證模型。實證結果顯示，碳定價工具的實施顯著促進綠色商品出口，然而，環境創新對綠色商品出口的影響則呈現負面效果。此外，本研究進一步將綠色商品拆解為傳統環境商品與環境優先商品並探討碳定價對兩者出口的影響。結果顯示碳定價在促進環境友善財出口的效果優於對傳統環境財的影響。這些研究結果為各國在未來制定低碳經濟政策，提供新的實證依據和建議。

As environmental policies become more stringent, the debate over balancing economic growth and environmental protection has intensified. In this context, carbon pricing and green goods play a crucial role in advancing environmental sustainability and fostering a green economy. The aim of this study is to explore how the implementation of carbon pricing policies impacts the export of green goods by applying a gravity model to analyze trade data from 38 OECD member countries during the period between 2014 and 2019. Specifically, the study uses three distinct carbon pricing variables along with other environmental variables in the empirical model. The findings reveal that carbon pricing has a positive and significant effect on green goods exports, while environmental innovation shows a negative and significant coefficient. Additionally, the findings show that the significance of the carbon pricing coefficient is more robust for environmentally preferable products compared to traditional environmental goods. These results provide new empirical evidence and policy guidance for transitioning to low-carbon economies.

學位論文審定書 i
誌謝 ii
中文摘要 iii
英文摘要 iv
目錄 v
圖次 vii
表次 viii
第一章 緒 論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻探討 4
2.1 綠色商品相關文獻整理 4
2.2 碳定價相關文獻整理 6
第三章 綠色商品貿易與碳定價的趨勢 8
3.1 綠色商品貿易的現況 8
3.2 碳定價的實施與發展趨勢 11
第四章 研究方法 13
4.1 數據與來源 13
4.2 研究模型 14
第五章 實證結果 18
5.1 基本模型 18
5.1.1 綠色商品 18
5.1.2 傳統環境商品 21
5.1.3 環境優先商品 23
5.2 穩定性檢測 25
5.2.1 綠色商品區域貿易 25
5.2.2 傳統環境商品與環境優先商品的區域貿易 27
第六章 結論與建議 30
參考文獻 32
附錄 37

Abrell, J., Ndoye Faye, A., & Zachmann, G. (2011). Assessing the impact of the EU ETS using firm-level data (Working Paper 2011/08). Bruegel Working Paper. https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/77988

Aichele, R., & Felbermayr, G. (2015). Kyoto and carbon leakage: An empirical analysis of the carbon content of bilateral trade. Review of Economics and Statistics, 97(1), 104-115.

Anderson, J. E., & van Wincoop, E. (2003). Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle. American Economic Review, 93(1), 170–192. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803321455214

Babiker, M. H. (2005). Climate change policy, market structure, and carbon leakage. Journal of international Economics, 65(2), 421-445.

Barbieri, N. (2015). Investigating the impacts of technological position and European environmental regulation on green automotive patent activity. Ecological Economics, 117, 140–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.06.017

Barbieri, N., Ghisetti, C., Gilli, M., Marin, G., & Nicolli, F. (2017). A survey of the literature on environmental innovation based on main path analysis. Environmental Economics and Sustainability, 221-250.

Borghesi, S., Cainelli, G., & Mazzanti, M. (2015). Linking emission trading to environmental innovation: Evidence from the Italian manufacturing industry. Research Policy, 44(3), 669-683.

Bento, N., & Gianfrate, G. (2020). Determinants of internal carbon pricing. Energy Policy, 143, 111499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111499

Best, R., & Zhang, Q. Y. (2020). What explains carbon-pricing variation between countries? Energy Policy, 143, 111541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111541

Borghesi, S., Cainelli, G., & Mazzanti, M. (2015). Linking emission trading to environmental innovation: Evidence from the Italian manufacturing industry. Research Policy, 44(3), 669–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.10.014

Brunnermeier, S. B., & Cohen, M. A. (2003). Determinants of environmental innovation in US manufacturing industries. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 45(2), 278–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0095-0696(02)00058-X

Can, M., Ahmed, Z., Mercan, M., & Kalugina, O. A. (2021). The role of trading environment-friendly goods in environmental sustainability: Does green openness matter for OECD countries? Journal of Environmental Management, 295, 113038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113038

Cantore, N., & Cheng, C. F. C. (2018). International trade of environmental goods in gravity models. Journal of Environmental Management, 223, 1047–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.036

Chan, H. S. (Ron), Li, S., & Zhang, F. (2013). Firm competitiveness and the European Union emissions trading scheme. Energy Policy, 63, 1056–1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.032

Claro, E., Lucas, N., Sugathan, M., Marconini, M., Lendo, E. (2007). Trade in Environmental Goods and Services and Sustainable Development: Domestic Considerations and Strategies for WTO Negotiations. ICTSD Environmental Goods and Services Series, Policy Discussion Paper. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland.

Commins, N., Lyons, S., Schiffbauer, M., & Tol, R. S. (2011). Climate policy & corporate behavior. The Energy Journal, 32(4), 51-68.

Costantini, V., & Crespi, F. (2008). Environmental regulation and the export dynamics of energy technologies. Ecological Economics, 66(2), 447–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.10.008

Costantini, V., & Mazzanti, M. (2012). On the green and innovative side of trade competitiveness? The impact of environmental policies and innovation on EU exports. Research Policy, 41(1), 132–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.08.004

De Alwis, J. M. D. D. J. (2015). Environmental Consequence of Trade Openness for Environmental Goods. Sri Lankan Journal of Agricultural Economics, 16(1), 79. https://doi.org/10.4038/sjae.v16i1.4606

Dechezleprêtre, A., Nachtigall, D., & Venmans, F. (2023). The joint impact of the European Union emissions trading system on carbon emissions and economic performance. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 118, 102758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2022.102758

Dechezleprêtre, A., & Sato, M. (2017). The Impacts of Environmental Regulations on Competitiveness. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 11(2), 183–206. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rex013

Dijkstra, B. R., & Mathew, A. J. (2016). Liberalizing trade in environmental goods and services. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 18(4), 499–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-015-0121-6

Europa, 2018. 2030 Climate & Energy Framework. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/climate-change/2030-climate-and-energy-framework/. (Accessed 21 September 2024).

Freund, C. L., & Weinhold, D. (2004). The effect of the Internet on international trade. Journal of International Economics, 62(1), 171–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1996(03)00059-X

Gugler, K., Haxhimusa, A., & Liebensteiner, M. (2023). Carbon pricing and emissions: Causal effects of Britain’s carbon tax. Energy Economics, 121, 106655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106655

Holladay, J. S., Mohsin, M., & Pradhan, S. (2018). Emissions leakage, environmental policy and trade frictions. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 88, 95-113.

Hwang, J. A., & Kim, Y. (2017). Effects of environmental regulations on trade flow in manufacturing sectors: comparison of static and dynamic effects of environmental regulations. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(5), 688-706.

Hu, X., Pollitt, H., Pirie, J., Mercure, J. F., Liu, J., Meng, J., & Tao, S. (2020). The impacts of the trade liberalization of environmental goods on power system and CO2 emissions. Energy Policy, 140, 111173.

Hunt, R., & Fund, B. (2016). Intergenerational Fairness and the Crowding Out Effects of Well-Intended Environmental Policies. Journal of Management Studies, 53, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12202

Jaffe, A. B., & Palmer, K. (1997). Environmental Regulation and Innovation: A Panel Data Study. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(4), 610–619. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465397557196

Joltreau, E., & Sommerfeld, K. (2019). Why does emissions trading under the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) not affect firms’ competitiveness? Empirical findings from the literature. Climate Policy, 19(4), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2018.1502145

Kim, P., & Bae, H. (2022). Do firms respond differently to the carbon pricing by industrial sector? How and why? A comparison between manufacturing and electricity generation sectors using firm-level panel data in Korea. Energy Policy.

Klenert, D., Mattauch, L., Combet, E., Edenhofer, O., Hepburn, C., Rafaty, R., & Stern, N. (2018). Making carbon pricing work for citizens | Nature Climate Change. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-018-0201-2

Le, H., & Azhgaliyeva, D. (2023). Carbon pricing and firms’ GHG emissions: Firm-level empirical evidence from East Asia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 429, 139504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139504

Lim, S., & Prakash, A. (2023). Does carbon pricing spur climate innovation? A panel study, 1986–2019. Journal of Cleaner Production.

Lin, B., & Wesseh, P. K. (2020). On the economics of carbon pricing: Insights from econometric modeling with industry-level data. Energy Economics, 86, 104678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104678

Löschel, A., Lutz, B. J., & Managi, S. (2019). The impacts of the EU ETS on efficiency and economic performance – An empirical analyses for German manufacturing firms. Resource and Energy Economics, 56, 71–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2018.03.001

Managi, S., Hibiki, A., & Tsurumi, T. (2009). Does trade openness improve environmental quality? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 58(3), 346–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2009.04.008

Mao, X., Liu, H., Gui, J., & Wang, P. (2023). Toward inclusive list-making for trade liberalization in environmental goods to reduce carbon emissions. Geography and Sustainability, 4(3), 200-212.

Marin, G., Marino, M., & Pellegrin, C. (2018). The Impact of the European Emission Trading Scheme on Multiple Measures of Economic Performance. Environmental and Resource Economics, 71(2), 551–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-017-0173-0

Paramati, S. R., Mo, D., & Huang, R. (2021). The role of financial deepening and green technology on carbon emissions: Evidence from major OECD economies. Finance Research Letters, 41, 101794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101794

Popp, D. (2005). Lessons from patents: Using patents to measure technological change in environmental models. Ecological Economics, 54(2), 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.01.001

Porter, M. (1996). America’s green strategy. Business and the environment: a reader, 33, 1072.

Pretis, F. (2022). Does a Carbon Tax Reduce CO2 Emissions? Evidence from British Columbia. Environmental and Resource Economics, 83(1), 115–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-022-00679-w

Rogge, K. S., & Hoffmann, V. H. (2010). The impact of the EU ETS on the sectoral innovation system for power generation technologies – Findings for Germany. Energy Policy, 38(12), 7639–7652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.07.047

Rosen, R. A., & Guenther, E. (2015). The economics of mitigating climate change: What can we know? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 91, 93–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2014.01.013

Sauvage, J. (2014). The Stringency of Environmental Regulations and Trade in Environmental Goods. https://doi.org/10.1787/5jxrjn7xsnmq-en, Accessed date: 08 April 2024.

Steenblik, R. (2005). Environmental goods: A comparison of the APEC and OECD lists. OECD Publishing.

Tinbergen, J. (1962). Shaping the World Economy: Suggestions for an International Economic Policy. The Twentieth Century Fund.

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), 1995. Environmentally Preferable Products (EPPs) as a Trade Opportunity for Developing Countries. UNCTAD/COM/70. UNCTAD, Geneva.

UNEP, 2011. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication. Sustainable Development. UNEP/GRID-Arendal.

UNFCCC, 2017. UN Climate Change ANNUAL REPORT 2017. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations Climate Change, Bonn, Germanay https://unfccc.int/resource/annualreport/.

Wan, R., Nakada, M., & Takarada, Y. (2018). Trade liberalization in environmental goods. Resource and Energy Economics, 51, 44–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2017.11.001

World Bank. (2008). International Trade and Climate Change, Economic, Legal, and Institutional Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7225-8. Accessed date: 08 April 2024.

World Bank, 2024. Carbon pricing dashboard. URL. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7225-8/. Accessed date: 08 April 2024

Zhang, D. (2022). Environmental regulation, green innovation, and export product quality: What is the role of greenwashing? International Review of Financial Analysis, 83, 102311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2022.102311

Zhu, J., Fan, Y., Deng, X., & Xue, L. (2019). Low-carbon innovation induced by emissions trading in China. Nature Communications, 10(1), 4088. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12213-6

Zugravu-Soilita, N. (2018). The impact of trade in environmental goods on pollution: What are we learning from the transition economies’ experience? Environmental Economics and Policy Studies, 20(4), 785–827. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10018-018-0215-z