資訊系統委外作業的歷史由來已久，美國在 1970至1980年代，資訊系統委外作業便有逐漸增加的趨勢。Clark, Zumd, and McCray認為，資訊系統科技、以及經營環境等方面的改變，是促成資訊委外作業不斷成長的原因。過去許多關於資訊委外的研究，大部份都是由經濟的觀點著手探討，而所運用的理論亦大都集中在交易成本理論、資源依賴理論、及代理成本理論等，而對於委外進行中雙方關係的研究較為少見。
資訊系統委外可概分成三個階段，委外前評估決策階段、委外進行中階段、及委外結束時階段。本研究則是著重在委外進行中的雙方關係，近年來由於資訊委外企業與承包商之間的關係本質正逐漸改變，已由1990年代初期原先廠商與顧客之間的契約買賣關係，演變成長期合作的夥伴關係。正如Drucker所說，合夥和聯盟是未來促成生意成長的兩大主流方式，其中合夥能使兩家或數家廠商，經由合作彼此截長補短，發揚光大。Lee and Kim的研究證實，良好的合夥關係品質會導致資訊系統委外的成功，Grover et al.的研究亦證實合夥關係扮演中介角色，對資訊系統委外的成功有重大影響，因此研究委外進行中雙方合夥關係的影響因素有其重要性。
本研究之目的，以社會交換理論為基礎，建構資訊委外合夥關係的研究架構，探索影響委外企業與承包商合夥關係的重要因素，並瞭解委外合夥關係研究架構各變數之間如何互相影響。本研究採用之研究方法為整合多個案深度訪談及現場調查法，或稱之為三角驗證法(triangulation)，針對本研究依據社會交換理論所發展之概念性模式及研究假說進行驗證，首先經由多個案深度訪談結果修改概念性模式及研究假說，再利用調查研究法以結構模式分析法(Structural Equation Modeling, SEM)針對回收之問卷，進行資料分析與模式驗證。
由社會交換理論為基礎，導出之委外合夥關係研究架構，包括：「相對於比較水準之實際結果」、「依賴」、與「溝通」三個自變數，「權力」、「衝突」、「共同價值觀」、「信任」、與「承諾」等中間變數，及因變數－「委外合夥關係的滿意度」。而由本研究實證結果驗證12個假說，有11個假說獲得支持，1個假說不獲得支持，結果說明如下：(1) 「權力」構面在資訊委外情境下並不存在，(2) 委外企業對承包商先產生信任感之後，才會放心的去依賴承包商，而此一「信任-依賴」關係，亦獲問卷調查的證實，(3) 委外企業所獲得之「相對於比較水準之實際結果」，會對「委外合夥關係滿意度」產生顯著的影響，(4) 委外企業所獲得的「相對於比較水準之實際結果」能否高於原先的期望，會決定委外企業對承包商的「信任」程度，(5)原先的「共同價值觀」構面，多數委外企業建議以「互相瞭解」取代，「互相瞭解」顯著影響「信任」，而「溝通」會顯著影響「互相瞭解」，(6)委外雙方存在的「信任」會降低彼此產生的「衝突」，實證結果顯著的支持此一關係，兩構念間呈現負相關，(7)委外雙方「溝通」會有助於建立雙方的「信任」，問卷調查結果亦驗證了此一關係，(8)社會交換理論中的核心構念「信任」與「承諾」關係，在實證結果獲顯著支持，(9)「依賴」會影響「承諾」，然而此一關係在驗證之下並不顯著，(10)「衝突」及「承諾」對「委外滿意度」的影響關係，均獲得多個案深度訪談結果的支持，同時亦獲調查研究驗證的顯著支持。
本研究之成果可分成二方面，(1)對學術價值而言，建立一個影響資訊系統委外合夥關係的概念性模式，可供未來研究者使用，(2)在實務上之涵意，提供資訊系統委外企業參考，以確保資訊系統委外的成功。本研究未來努力方向，(1)可以由委外承包商的角度，針對由理論推導的研究模式進行驗證，(2)可以採用縱斷面的研究，亦即可以觀察「相對於比較水準之實際結果」，隨著時間的動態變化，對「信任」、「衝突」、「承諾」的影響，進而如何影響「委外合夥關係的滿意度」，以及研究模式各構念間彼此的影響。

In recent years, people have paid much attention to IS functions outsourcing in organizations. Outsourcing of information system (IS) functions is growing rapidly. Most of the researchers draw on the resource-dependence theory, transaction-cost theory, and agent cost theory to conduct their studies from the economic viewpoint. Economic theories aim at explaining the characteristics of governance or contract. However, explaining the relationship between organizations from a purely economic point of view is unjustifiable because inter-organizational relationships also involve the social learning experiences based on specific sequential interactions.
While IS outsourcing can generally be divided into three stages, such as evaluation stage before outsourcing, outsourcing on-going stage, and outsourcing ending stage. The purpose of this study, departing from the social viewpoint, intends to use the social theories to investigate the affecting factors of outsourcing partnerships between firm and the IS functions outsourcing service providers in the outsourcing on-going stage.
This study employs social exchange theory to establish the research model. In addition, the triangulation research method is also adopted to verify the research model. First of all, the research model derived from social exchange theory has been revised according to the result of multiple-case deeply interview. Then, the survey research is included to verify the revised research model and test the 12 hypotheses. Finally, among these 12 hypotheses, 11 of them are supported statistically significant and one hypothesis was rejected.
The main contribution of this study to academia is to provide a research model of the IS functions outsourcing partnerships to the future researchers who are interested in this domain. Besides, practically speaking, the firm can also adopt the study outcome to ensure the success of the IS functions outsourcing.

目 錄
第壹章 緒論
第一節 研究背景……………………… ………………….…1
第二節 研究動機…………… …………………………….…3
第三節 研究目的………………………………………….…10
第四節 論文架構…………………………………………… 11
第貳章 文獻探討
第一節 資訊系統委外……….………………………… ……..12
第二節 合夥關係………………………………………………..13
第三節 社會交換理論……………………………………………19
第參章 研究模式及假說推導與建立
第一節 資訊系統委外合夥關係的權力—衝突面……….……35
第二節 資訊系統委外合夥關係的溝通—信任面…………….41
第三節 資訊系統委外合夥關係的滿意度……………………..47
第肆章 研究方法與設計
第一節 研究方法……………………………………………….50
第二節 變數測量………………………………………………..52
第三節 問卷設計………………………………………………..56
第四節 資料分析方法與工具………………………………….57
第伍章 個案深度訪談結果與發現
第一節 個案深度訪談設計……………………………………..58
第二節 個案深度訪談發現………………………………………60
第三節 個案深度訪談結果……………………………….70


第陸章 資料分析
第一節 樣本特性與問卷回收………………………………….75
第二節 測量模式之檢測……..……………………………….80
第三節 研究假說檢定…………………………………………..87
第柒章 結論與建議
第一節 研究結論………………………………………………..91
第二節 研究貢獻………………………………………………..94
第三節 對實務上之涵義………………………………………..95
第四節 研究限制………………………………………………..97
第五節 未來研究方向………………………………………….98
參考文獻 ……………………..………………..……………………99
附錄一 調查研究問卷….…….…..……………………………………110
附錄二 個案深度訪談問卷……………………………….…………...116
附錄三 個案E深度訪談紀錄…………………………………………117
附錄四 個案F深度訪談紀錄………………………………….………132

參考文獻
中文部份
王存國，「資訊科技委外的交易風險與成功構念衡量與實質關係」，資訊管理學報，第四卷，第二期，民87年, pp.1-18。
王存國、戴基峰，「軟體交易特性對委外關係之影響」，資訊管理學報，第五卷，第一期，民88年, pp.23-48。
行政院主計處電子處理資料中心，「中華民國八十八年度電腦應用概況報告」（網址 http://www.dgbasey.gov.tw/eyimc/eyimc-2.htm），民90年。
呂大榮，「資訊委外之程序與合約管理」，台灣大學商學研究所碩士論文，民86年。
吳琮璠，「資訊管理個案研究方法」，資訊管理學報資訊管理實證研究方法研討會特刊，第四卷，第一期，民86年，P. 56-59。
宋鎮照，社會學，五南圖書，民86年。
徐綺憶,「資訊系統委外程度與績效之影響因素：一個二階層的實徵性研究」，中央大學資訊管理研究所博士論文，民88年。
張慧莉，「資訊系統委外成功因素之探討—以我國海關為例」，台灣大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文，民86年。
戴基峰，「影響軟體委外滿意度因素之研究：從交易成本與社會關係觀點探討」，中央大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文，民86年。
英文部份
Achrol, R., “Evolution of the Marketing Organization: New Forms for Trubulent Environments,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.55, No.4, 1991, pp. 77-93.
Alpar, P. and A. Saharia, “Outsourcing Information System Functions: An Organization Economics Perspective,” Journal of Organizational Computing, Vol.15, No.3, 1995, pp. 197-217.
Anderson, J.C. and D.W. Gerbing, “Structure Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach,” Psychological Bulletin, Vol.103, 1988, pp. 411-423.
Anderson, J. C. and J. A. Narus, “ A model of the Distributor’s Perspective of Distributor-Manufacturer working Relationships,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.48, Fall 1984, pp. 62-74.
Anderson, J. C. and J. A. Narus, “ A model of Distributor Firm and Manufacturer Firm Working Partnerships,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 54, 1990, pp. 42-58.
Ang, S. and D. W. Straub, “Production and Transaction Economics and IS Outsourcing: A Study of the U.S. Banking Industry,” MIS Quarterly, Dec. 1998, pp. 535-552.
Angle, H. and J. Perry, “An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.26, March 1981, pp. 62-74.
Arndt, J., “The Political Economy Paradigm: Foundation for Theory Building in Marketing,” Journal of Marketing, 47, Fall 1983, pp. 44-54.
Attewell P. and J.B. Rule, “Survey and other methodologies applied to IT impact research: experiences from a comparative study of business computing,” In The Information Systems Research Challenge Survey Research Methods - Volume 3 (Kraemer K. L. Ed.), Boston: Harvard Business School Press, pp. 299-315, p.367, 1991.
Aubert, B. A., S. Rivard, and M. Patry, “A Transaction Cost Approach to Outsourcing Behavior: Some Empirical Evidence,” Information & Management, Vol.30, 1996, pp. 51-64.
Bagozzi, R. P., “Marketing as Exchange,” Journal of Marketing, 39, Oct. 1975, pp.32-39.
Barney, J., “Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage,” Journal of management, Vol. 17, 1991, pp. 99-120.
Barth, F., Models of Social Organization, London: Royal Anthropological Institute, 1966.
Baumgartner, H. and C. Homburg, “Application of Structural Equation Modeling in Marketing and Consumer Reaearch: An Review,” International Journal of Research in Marketing, Vol.13, 1996, pp.139-161.
Benbasat, I., Goldstein, D. and Mead M., "The Case Research in Studies of Information System,", MIS Quarterly ,Vol.11 , No3 , Sept 1987, pp.369-386.
Bentler, P.M., EQS Structural Equations Program Manual, CA: Multivariate Software Inc., 1995.
Berry, L. L. and A. Parasuraman, Marketing Services. New York: The Free Press, 1991.
Blau, P. M., Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964.
Bonoma, T. V., "Case Research in Marketing: Opportunities, Problems, and a Process," Journal of Marketing Research , Vol.22 , May 1985, pp.199-208.
Bucklin, L. P. and S. Senqrupta, “Organizing Successful Co-Marketing Alliances,” Journal of Marketing, 57, April 1993, pp.32-46.
Chatman, J.A., “Matching people and Organizations: Selection and Socialization in Public Accounting Firms,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.36, September 1991, pp. 459-484.
Cheon, M. J., V. Grover, and James T. C. Teng, “ Theoretical Perspectives on the Outsourcing of Information Systems,” Journal of Information Technology, Vol.10, 1995, pp. 209-219.
Clark, T.D., “Corporate Systems Management: an Overview and Research Perspective,” Communication of the ACM, Vol.35, No.2, 1992, pp. 61-75.
Clark, Y., R. Zmud, and G. McCray, “ The Outsourcing of Information Services: Transforming the Nature of Business in the Information Industry,” Journal of Information Technology, Vol.10, 1995, pp. 221-238.
Clemons, E., S. Reddi, and M. Ros, “The Impact of Information Technology on the Organization of Economic Activity: The ‘Move to the Middle’ Hypothesis,” Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol.10, No.2, 1993, pp. 9-35.
Cook, K. S. and R. M. Emerson, “Power, Equity and Commitment in Exchange Networks,” American Sociological Review, 43, Oct., 1978, pp.721-739.
Day, G. S., Buyer Attitudes and Brand Choice Behavior, New York: The Free Press,1990
DeLooFF, L. A., “Information Systems Outsourcing Decision Making: a Framework, Organizational theories and Case Studies,” Journal of Information Technology Vol.10, 1995, pp. 281-297.
Deutsch, C.H., “Services Becoming The Goods in Industry,” The New York Times, (Tuesday, January 7, 1997) C1.
DiRomualdo, A. and V. Gurbaxani, “Strategic Intent for IT Outsourcing,” Sloan Management Review, Vol.39, No.4, pp. 67-80.
Doney, P. M. and J.P. Canon, “An Examination of the Nature of Trust in Buyer-Seller Relationship,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.61, No.2, April 1997, pp. 35-51.
Drucker, Peter F. “The Network Society,” The Wall Street Journal, March 29, 1995, A14
Due, R., “The Real Costs of Outsourcing,” Information Systems management, Winter 1992, pp. 78-81.
Dwyer, F. R., “Channel-Member satisfaction: Laboratory Insights,” Journal of Retailing, Vol.56, Summer 1980, pp. 45-65.
Dwyer, F. R., P. H. Schurr, and S. On,” Developing Buyer-Seller Relationships,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 51, April 1987, pp. 11-27.
Ekeh, P., Social Exchange Theory: The Two Traditions, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.
Ellram, L. M., “A Managerial Guideline for the Development and Implementation of Purchasing Partnerships,” International Journal of Purchasing and Materials Management, Vol.31, No. 3, 1995, pp. 10-16.
Etgar, M., “Channel Domination and Countervailing Power in Distributive Channels,” Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.13, August 1976, pp. 254-262.
Etgar, M., “Sources and Types of Intrachannel Conflict,” Journal of retailing, Vol.55, Spring 1979, pp. 61-78.
Emerson, R. M., “Power-dependence Relations,” American Sociological Review, Vol.27, 1962, pp.31-41.
Emerson, R. M., “Exchange Theory, Part I: A Psychological Basis for Social Exchange,” pp.38-57 in Sociological Theories in Progress. Vol. 2, edited by J. Berger, M. Zelditch Jr., and B. Anderson, Boston, MA:Houghton-Mifflin, 1972a.
Emerson, R. M., “Exchange Theory, Part II: Exchange Relations and Networks,” pp. 58-87 in Sociological Theories in Progress. Vol. 2, edited by J. Berger, M. Zelditch Jr., and B. Anderson, Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin, 1972b.
Emerson, R. M., “Social Exchange Theory,” pp.30-65 in Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives, edited by M. Rosenberg and R. H. Turner. New York: Basic Books, 1981.
Eisenhardt, K. M., “Agency- and Institutional-Theory Explanations: the Case of Retail Sales Compensation,” Academy of Management Journal, 31, 1988, pp. 488-511.
Eisenhardt, K. M., “Agency Theory: an Assessment and Review,” Academy of Management Review, 14, 1989, pp. 57-74.
Firat, F.A., A. Fuat, and A.M. Tybout, and L.W. Stern, “A Perspective on Conflict and Power in Distribution,” in 1974 Combined Proceedings, Ronald C. Curhan, ed., Chicago: American Marketing, 1975, pp. 435-439.
Fornell, C. and D. F. Larcker, “ Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error,” Journal of Marketing Research (18), pp.39-50, 1981.
Gable, G.G., “Integrating Case Study and Survey Research Methods: An Example in Information Systems,” European Journal of Information Systems, Vol.3, No.2, Apr.1994, pp.112-126.
Ganesan, S., “Determinants of Long-term Orientation in Buyer-Seller Relationships,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 58, April 1994, pp. 1-19.
Gardener, J. T. and M. C. Cooper, “Elements of Partnership,” in partnerships: A Natural Evolution in Logistics, Cleveland, OH: Logistics Resources, Inc., 1988.
Gaski, J. F., “The Theory of Power and Conflict in Channels of Distribution,” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 48, Summer 1984, pp. 9-29.
Gattorna, J., “Channels of Distribution Conceptualizations: A State-of-the-Art Review,” European Journal of Marketing, Vol.12, No.7, 1978, pp. 471-512.
Grover, V., M. Cheon, and J. Teng, “A Descriptive Study on the Outsourcing of Information Systems Functions,” Information and Management, Vol.27, 1994, pp. 33- 44.
Grover, V., M. Cheon, and J. Teng, “ The Effect of Service Quality and Partnership on the Outsourcing of Information Systems Functions,” Journal of Management Information systems, Vol.12, No.4, 1996, pp. 89-116.
Gupta, U. G. and V. Raval, “Critical Success Factors for Anchoring Offshore Projects,” Information strategy, Vo.15, No.2, Winter 1999, pp. 21-27.
Hair, J. f., R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham and W. C. Black, Multivariate Data analysis with Reading, Print ice Hall, 1995.
Hallén, L., J. Johnson, and N. Seyed-Mohamed, “Inter-firm Adaptation in Business Relationships,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.55, April 1991,pp. 29-37.
Heide, J.B. and G. John, “Do Norms Matter in Marketing Relationships?” Journal of Marketing, Vol.56, April 1992, pp. 32-44.
Henderson, J. C., “Plugging into Strategic Partnerships: The Critical IS Connection,” Sloan Management Review, Vol.31, No.3, Spring 1990, pp. 7-18.
Homans, G. C., “ Social Behavior as Exchange,” The American Journal of Sociology, 1958, pp. 597-606.
Homans, G. C., Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, New York: Harcourt Brace and World, 1961.
Hrebiniak, L. G., “ Effects of Job Level and Participation on Employee Attitudes and Perceptions of Influence,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 17, 1974, pp. 649 - 662.
Huber, G. and R. Daft, “The Information Environment of Organizations,” In F. Jablin et al. (ed.), Handbook of Organizational Communication. Sage Publication, Newbury Park, CA., 1987, pp. 130-164.
Jensen, M. C. and W.H. Meckling, “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure,” Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 1976, pp. 305-360.
Jick T. D., “Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action,” In Qualitative Methodology (Van Maaene J. Ed.), California, Beverly Hills: Sage, pp 135-148, 1983.
Jöreskog, K. G. and D. Sörbom, LISREL 7: User’s Reference Guide, Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software, 1989.
Jurison, J., “The Role of Risk and Return in Information Technology Outsourcing Decisions,” Journal of Information Technology, Vol. 10, 1995, pp. 239-247.
Kelley, H. and J. W. Thibaut, Interpersonal Relations: A Theory of Interdependence, New York: Wiley, 1978.
Kotter, J.P., “Managing External Dependence,” Academy of Management Review, Vol.4, 1979, pp. 87-92.
Klepper, R. “The Management of Partnering Development in I/S Outsourcing,” Journal of Information Technology, Vol.10, 1995, pp. 249-258.
Klepper, R. and W. Jones, Outsourcing Information Technology, Systems & Services, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998.
Kolter, P., “ A Generic Concept of Marketing,” Journal of Marketing, 36, April 1972, pp. 46-54.
Kraemer K. L., The Information Systems Research Challenge: Survey Research Methods - Volume 3, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1991.
LaLonde, B.J. and M. C. Cooper, Partnerships in Providing Customer Service: A Third- party Perspective, Oak Brook, IL: Council of Logistics Management, 1989, p.6.
Lambert, D. M., M. A. Emmelhainz, and J. T. Gardner, “Building Successful Logistics Partnerships,” Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1999, pp.165-181.
Lee, J. and Y. Kim, “ Effect of Partnership Quality on IS Outsourcing Success: Conceptual framework and Empirical Validation,” Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol.15, No.4, Spring 1999,pp. 29-61.
LaGaipa, J. J., “ Interpersonal Attraction and Social Exchange,” In S. D. Duck (Ed.), Theory and Practice in Interpersonal Attraction (pp.129-164). London: Academic Press, 1977.
Levi-Strauss, C., The Elementary Structures of Kinship, Boston: Beacon Press, 1969.
Loh, L. and N. Venkatraman, “Determinants of information technology outsourcing,” Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol.9. No.1, 1992, pp. 7-24.
Lusch, R.F., “Channel Conflict: Its Impact on Retailer Operating Performance,” Journal of Retailing, Vol.52, Summer 1976, pp. 3-12.
MacNei, I. R., The New Social Contract, An Inquiry Into Modern Contractual Relations, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1980.
Mauss, M., The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societh, New York: Free Press, 1954.
McDonald, G. W., “Structural Exchange and Marital Interaction,” Journal of Marriage and the Family, Nov. 1981, pp. 825-839.
McFarlan, F, and R. Nolan, “ How to Manage an It Outsourcing Alliance,” Sloan Management Review, Winter 1995, pp. 9-23.
McNurlin, B. C. and R. H. Sprague, Jr., Information Systems Management in Practice, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1998.
Meyer, N. D., “A sensible Approach to Outsourcing: the economic fundamentals,” Information Systems Management, Vol.11, 1994, pp. 22-27.
Mitnick, B., “The theory of agency: the policing ‘paradox’ and regulatory behavior,” Public Choice, 24, 1975, pp. 27-42.
Mohr, J. and R. Spekman, “ Characteristics of Partnership Success: Partnerships Attributes, Communication Behavior, and Conflict Resolution Techniques,” Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 15, 1994, pp. 135-152.
Molm, L. D., and K. S. Cook, “Social Exchange Networks,” pp. 209-235 in Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, edited by K. S. Cook, G. Alan Fine, and J. S. House. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1995.
Molm, L. D., G. Peterson, and N. Takahashi, “Power in Negotiated and Reciprocal Exchange,” American Sociological Review, Vol.64, 1999, pp. 876-890.
Moorman, C., G. Zaltman, and R. Deshpande, “Relationships Between Providers and Users of Market Research：The Dynamics of Trust Within and Between Organizations,” Journal of Marketing Research, 29, August 1992, pp. 314-329.
Morgan, R. M. and S. D. Hunt, “ The Commitment-Trust Theory of Relationship Marketing,” Journal of Marketing Vol.58, July 1994,pp. 20-38.
Münch, R., Sociological Theory: From the 1850s to the Present, Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers, 1993.
Nam, K., S. Rajagopalan, H. Rao, and A. Chaudhury, “ A Two-Level investigation of Information Systems Outsourcing,” Communications of the ACM, Vol.39, No.7, July 1996, pp. 36-44.
Nelson K.M. and J.G. Cooprider, “The Contribution of Shared Knowledge to IS Group Performance,” MIS Quarterly, December 1996, pp. 409-432.
Noordewier, T.G., G. John. and J. R. Nevin, “Performance of Purchasing Arrangement in Industrial Buyer-Vendor Relationships,” Journal of Marketing, Vol.54, No.3, 1990, pp. 80-93.
Nunnally, J., Psychometric Theory (2nd Ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.
Nye, I. F. “ Choice, Exchange, and the Family,” In W. R. Burr, R. Hill, E. I. Nye& I. L. Reiss, Contemporary Theories about the Family, Vol.2 (pp.1-41), New York: Free Press, 1979.
Phillips, L. W., “Assessing Measurement Error in Key Informant Reports: A Methodological Note on Organizational Analysis in Marketing,” Journal of marketing Research, Vol. 18, November 1981, pp. 395-415.
Pondy, L. R., “Organizational Conflict: Concepts and Models,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol.12, September 1974, pp. 296-320.
Powell, W. M., “Hybrid Organizational Arrangements: New Form or Transitional Development? ” California Management Review, Vol.30, No.1, 1990a, pp. 67-87.
Powell, W. M., “Neither Market Nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization,” Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol.12, 1990b, pp. 295-336.
Pruitt, D. G., Negoitation Behavior, New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1981.
Raven, B. and A. Kruglanski, “Conflict and Power,” in Structure of Conflict, Paul Swingle ed., New York: Academic Press, Inc., pp.69-109, 1970.
Reve, T. and L. W. Stern, “Interorganizational Relations in Marketing Channels,” Academy of Management Review, Vol.4, No.3, 1979, pp. 405-416.
Richmond, W. B., and A. Seidmann, “ Software Development Outsourcing: Contract Structure and Business Value,” Journal of Management Information Systems, Vol.10, No.1, 1993, pp. 53-72.
Ritzer, George, Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science, Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1975a.
Ritzer, George, “Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science,” American Sociologist, 10, 1975b, pp. 156-167.
Ritzer, G., Sociological Theory, New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1983.
Rosenberg, L.J. and L.W. Stern, “Conflict Measurement in the Distribution Channel,” Journal of Marketing Research, Vol.8, November 1971, pp. 437-442.
Ross, S., “Economic Theory of Agency: the Principal Problem,” American Economic Review, 63, 1973, pp.134-139.
Scanzonic, J., “Social Exchange and Behavioral Independence,” in Social Exchange in Developing Relationships, R. L. Burgess and T. L. Huston, eds. New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Schein, E.H., “Organizational Culture,” American Psychologist, Vol.45, No.2, 1990, pp. 109-119.
Schwab, D. P., “ Construct Validity in Organizational Behavior,” in B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings (Eds), Research in Organizational Behavior (2), pp.3-34, 1980.
Sethi, V. and S. Carraher , “ Developing Measures for Assessing the Organizational Impact of Information Technology: A Comment on Mahmood and Soon’s Paper,” Decision Science (24:4), pp.867-877, 1993.
Simmel G., The Philosophy of Money, trans. T. Bottomore and D. Frisby, Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.
Skinner, B.F., The Behavior of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis, New York : Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1938
Sprecher, S., “Social Exchange theories and Sexuality,” The Journal of Sex Research, Vol. 35, No.1, Feb. 1998, pp. 32-43.
Stralkowski, C. M. and S. A. Billon, “Partnering: a strategic Approach to Productivity Improvement,” National Productivity Review, 1988, pp.145-151.
Thibaut, J. W. and H. Kelly, The social Psychology of Groups, New York: Wiley, 1959.
Turner, J. H., The Structure of Sociological Theory, Chicago: The Dorsey Press, 1986.
Varadarajan, P. and D. Rajaratnam, “ Symbiotic Marketing Revisited, “ Journal of Marketing, Vol. 50, Jan. 1986, pp. 7-17.
Walker, G. and D. A. Weber, “ A Transaction Cost Approach to Make-or-Buy Decisions,” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1984, pp. 373-391.
Walker, O. C., Jr., “The Effects of Learning on Bargaining Behavior,” in 1971 Combined Proceedings, F.C. Allvine, ed., Chicago: American Marketing, 1972, pp.194-199.
Webb E., D.T. Campbell, R. Shwartz, and L. Sechrest, Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Science, Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1966
Weiner, Y., “Forms of value Systems: A Focus on Organizational Effectiveness and Culture Change and Maintenance,” Academy of Management Review, Vol.13, No.4, 1988, pp. 534-545.
Whitener, E. M., S. E. Brodt, M. A. Korsqaard, and J. M. Werner, “Managers as Initiators of Trust: An Exchange Relationship Framework for Understanding Managerial Trustworthy Behavior,” The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 1998, pp. 513-530.
Wilkinson, I. F., “Researching the Distribution Channels for Consumer and Industrial Goods: The Power Dimension,” Journal of Marketing Research Society, Vol.16, No.1, 1974, pp. 12-32.
Williams, J.R., “How Sustainable is your Competitive Advantage?” California Management Review, Vol.34, 1992, pp. 29-51.
Williamson, O.E., “Transaction-Cost Economics: the Governance of Contractual Relations,” Journal of Law and Economics, Vol.22, 1979, pp. 233-261.
Williamson, O.E., “The Economics of Organization: Transaction Cost Approach,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol.87, 1981, pp. 548-577.
Yin, R., Case Study Research: Decision and Methods, Newburry Park Calif., Sag Publications, 1989.