一個組織或是一個團隊，劃分為合作與競爭型態，在刻板印象中，合作是透過大家的努力共同完成，所以可以在工作績效上有良好的反應；而競爭是有輸贏的結果，對於獲得勝利的人相對來說會有出色的結果，落後者則會因此讓整個團隊陷入低潮，產生出不好的影響。合作和競爭目標的過程中，對於團隊績效的反映為正負之分，此研究針對兩者目標透過質性研究，以訪談的方式蒐集相關資料。
由合作與競爭狀況和工作績效的高低，畫出兩個向度，在組織中分別產生出四種類型的員工，包括獨立、合作無間、淘汰以及目標導向的員工，藉由訪問型態了解到同樣身處於金融業，不同公司中對於合作與競爭不同的看法利用回答的答案來定位每位參與者是屬於何種特性的員工。分析的過程中分為三大項：合作分析、競爭分析和兩者共通點之研究。訪談者的反饋極為重要，得以得知是否合作也會有負向的可能發生、競爭是否能帶來正向的啟發。

In teams or organizations, both cooperation and competition exist. Stereotypically, most people believe that having a cooperative condition within the team could steer an incredible team performance. On the contrary, the existence of competitive condition would not only recognize winners, but also those who delivered the worst performance. Therefore, in the process of cooperation and competition goals, there is positive performance to cooperative structure, and a negative performance would happen in competitive structure. This study uses qualitative design through interview method to collect the data.
This study develops a quadrant chart based on cooperation competition and high low performance. The four types of staff include Independent person, Teamwork person, Elimination person, and Objective person. To require the different perspectives from different companies in the financial industry, this study uses interview method to understand their circumstance when they encounter the problem. After interviewing, every participant was classified into one of four types by analyzing their responses. In the analysis, there are three major topics, one is cooperation, another is competition, and the other is the commonality of both goals. The feedback from interviewees is crucial on this research and contributes in realizing whether cooperation goal also brings negative influence and if competition will cause positive inspiration.

論文審定書 i
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iii
Table of Contents iv
List of Figure vi
List of Table vi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Literature Review 4
2.1 Cooperative goal 6
2.1.1 Objective 6
2.1.2 Connection 8
2.1.3 Substitutability 8
2.1.4 Cathexis 9
2.1.5 Inducibility 10
2.1.6 Accuracy 11
2.2 Competitive goal 12
2.2.1 Objective 13
2.2.2 Substitutability 14
2.2.3 Cathexis 15
2.2.4 Inducibility 16
2.2.5 Speed 17
2.3 Compare between cooperative and competitive goal 18
2.4 Teamwork performance 20
2.4.1 Starting 21
2.4.2 Processing 22
Cohesion: 23
Communication: 23
Conflict: 23
2.4.3 Result 24
Existence or high performance: 24
Elimination or low performance: 25
2.4.4 Leadership 25
Trust: 26
2.5 The development of the framework 27
Chapter 3 Method 29
3.1 The design and structure of the research 29
Participant 30
The tool of research 30
3.2 The procedure of interview 31
Sample 32
3.3 Interview questionnaire 34
Chapter 4 Result 39
4.1 The process of framework 40
Analysis of essential information 40
Analysis of Cooperation goal 42
Analysis of Competition goal 44
Reflection of analysis with two goals 48
4.2 The commonalities of two goals 48
Chapter 5 Conclusion 52
5.1 Findings 52
5.2 Contribution to the literature review 54
5.3 Limitation 54
5.4 Suggestion 55
Reference 56
Appendix 74

Ancona, D. G. (1990). Outward bound: strategic for team survival in an organization. Academy of Management Journal, 33(2), 334-365.
Ancona, D. G., & Caldwell, D. (1990). Beyond boundary spanning: Managing external dependence in product development teams. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 1(2), 119-135.
Aritzeta, A., & Balluerka, N. (2006). Cooperation, competition and goal interdependence in work teams: A multilevel approach. Psicothema, 18(4), 757-765.
Aronson, E., & Bridgeman, D. (1979). Jigsaw groups and the desegregated classroom: In pursuit of common goals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5(4), 438-446.
Bae, J., & Insead, M. G. (2004). Partner substitutability, alliance network structure, and firm profitability in the telecommunications industry. Academy of Management Journal, 47(6), 843-859.
Bapna, R., Barua, A., Mani, D., & Mehra, A. (2010). Research commentary—Cooperation, coordination, and governance in multisourcing: An agenda for analytical and empirical research. Information Systems Research, 21(4), 785-795.
Barath, A., & Cannell, C. F. (1976). Effect of interviewer's voice intonation. Public Opinion Quarterly, 40(3), 370-373.
Barnard, C. I. (1968). The functions of the executive (Vol. 11). Harvard university press.
Barrick, M. R., Bradley, B. H., Kristof-Brown, A. L., & Colbert, A. E. (2007). The moderating role of top management team interdependence: Implications for real teams and working groups. Academy of ManagementJournal, 50(3), 544-557.
Barrick, M. R., Stewart, G. L., Neubert, M. J., & Mount, M. K. (1998). Relating member ability and personality to work-team processes and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(3), 377.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (Eds.). (1994). Improving Organizational Effectiveness through Transformational Leadership. Sage.
Bazerman, M. H., Magliozzi, T., & Neale, M. A. (1985). Integrative bargaining in a competitive market. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 35(3), 294-313.
Beersma, B., Hollenbeck, J. R., Humphrey, S. E., Moon, H., Conlon, D. E., & Ilgen, D. R. (2003). Cooperation, competition, and team performance: Toward a contingency approach. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 572-590.
Bell, S. T., Brown, S. G., Colaneri, A., & Outland, N. (2018). Team composition and the ABCs of teamwork. American Psychologist, 73(4), 349.
Bell, S. T., Villado, A. J., Lukasik, M. A., Belau, L., & Briggs, A. L. (2011). Getting specific about demographic diversity variable and team performance relationships: A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 37(3), 709-743.
Boies, K., Fiset, J., & Gill, H. (2015). Communication and trust are key: Unlocking the relationship between leadership and team performance and creativity. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(6), 1080-1094.
Boone, S., Andries, P., & Clarysse, B. (2020). Does team entrepreneurial passion matter for relationship conflict and team performance? On the importance of fit between passion focus and venture development stage. Journal of Business Venturing, 35(5), 105984.
Bouchard Jr, T. J. (1969). Personality, problem-solving procedure, and performance in small groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 53(1p2), 1.
Bresnahan, T. F. (1999). New modes of competition. In Competition, innovation and the Microsoft monopoly: Antitrust in the digital marketplace (pp. 155-208). Springer, Dordrecht.
Byrne, D. (1971). The Attraction Paradigm, New York: Ac.
Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J., & Higgs, A. C. (1993). Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups. Personnel Psychology, 46(4), 823-847.
Campion, M. A., Papper, E. M., & Medsker, G. J. (1996). Relations between work team characteristics and effectiveness: A replication and extension. Personnel Psychology, 49(2), 429-452.
Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J., & Higgs, A. C. (1993). Relations between work group characteristics and effectiveness: Implications for designing effective work groups. Personnel Psychology, 46(4), 823-847.
Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1998). The measurement of cohesiveness in sportgroups.
Castka, P., Bamber, C. J., Sharp, J. M., & Belohoubek, P. (2001). Factors affecting successful implementation of high performance teams. Team Performance Management: An International Journal.
Cattell, R. B. (1948). Concepts and methods in the measurement of group syntality. Psychological Review, 55(1), 48.
Chandler, G. N., & Hanks, S. H. (1998). An examination of the substitutability of founders human and financial capital in emerging business ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 13(5), 353-369.
Chansler, P. A., Swamidass, P. M., & Cammann, C. (2003). Self-managing work teams: An empirical study of group cohesiveness in “natural work groups” at a Harley-Davidson Motor Company plant. Small Group Research, 34(1), 101-120.
Costa, A. C. (2003). Work team trust and effectiveness. Personnel review.
Daniel, J. L. (2010). The effect of workplace spirituality on team effectiveness. Journal of Management Development.
De Antonellis, V., Melchiori, M., Pernici, B., & Plebani, P. (2003, June). A methodology for e-service substitutability in a virtual district environment. In International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (pp. 552-567). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
De Cremer, D. (2002). Respect and cooperation in social dilemmas: The importance of feeling included. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(10), 1335-1341.
De Cremer, D. (2003). Noneconomic motives predicting cooperation in public good dilemmas: The effect of received respect on contributions. Social Justice Research, 16(4), 367-377.
De Cremer, D., & Tyler, T. R. (2005). A matter of intragroup status: The importance of respect for the viability of groups. Research on Managing Groups and Teams, 7, 1-21.
DeBiasio, A. R. (1986). Problem solving in triads composed of varying numbers of field-dependent and field-independent subjects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 749.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). (1985b). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum.
Deutsch, M. (1948). The effects of cooperation and competition upon group process (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Deutsch, M. (1949a). A theory of co-operation and competition. Human Relations, 2(2), 129-152.
Deutsch, M. (1949b). An experimental study of the effects of co-operation and competition upon group process. Human Relations, 2(3), 199-231.
Deutsch, M. (1962). Cooperation and trust: Some theoretical notes.
Deutsch, M. (1973). The resolution of conflict: Constructive and destructive processes. Yale University Press.
Deutsch, M., & Krauss, R. M. (1962). Studies of interpersonal bargaining. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 6(1), 52-76.
Dionne, S. D., Yammarino, F. J., Atwater, L. E., & Spangler, W. D. (2004). Transformational leadership and team performance. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(2), 177-193.
Dirks, K. T. (1999). The effects of interpersonal trust on work group performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 445.
Driskell, J. E., & Salas, E. (1992). Collective behavior and team performance. Human Factors, 34(3), 277-288.
Dyer, J. L. (1984). Team research and team training: A state-of-the-art review. Human Factors Review, 26, 285-323.
Dyer, W. G. (1987). Team Building, Addision.
George, J. M. (1990). Personality, affect, and behavior in groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(2), 107.
Gillespie, N., & Mann, L. (2005). How trustworthy is your leader? Implications for leadership, team processes and outcomes in R&D teams.
Gillies, R. M., Ashman, A. F., & Terwel, J. (2007). The teacher’s role in implementing cooperative learning in the classroom: An introduction. The teacher’s role in implementing cooperative learning in the classroom, 1.
Gladstein, D. L. (1984). Groups in context: A model of task group effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 499-517.
Green, S. G., & Mitchell, T. R. (1979). Attributional processes of leaders in leader—member interactions. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 23(3), 429-458.
Grossman, G. M., & Shapiro, C. (1985). Dynamic r&d competition (No. w1674). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Guzzo, R. A., & Shea, G. P. (1992). Group performance and intergroup relations in organizations.
Guzzo, R. A., Salas, E., Goldstein, I. L., & Guzzo. (1995). Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Hackman, J. R., & Lorsch, J. (1987). Handbook of organizational behavior. J. Lorsch, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Hackman, J. R. (1992). Group Influences on Individuals in Organizations. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Halldórsson, A., & Skjøtt‐Larsen, T. (2004). Developing logistics competencies through third party logistics relationships. International Journal of Operations & Production Management.
Hameed, T., von Staden, P., & Kwon, K. S. (2019). Impediments to Sustaining South Korea’s Economic Development: Pathologies of Cooperation in Intra-Team Dynamics of Technology Commercialization. Sustainability, 11(11), 3040.
Hanna, M. S., & Wilson, G. L. (1998). Communicating in Business and Professional Settings. McGraw-Hill Humanities, Social Sciences & World Languages.
Harrison, D. A., & Klein, K. J. (2007). What's the difference? Diversity constructs as separation, variety, or disparity in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 32(4), 1199-1228.
Haseeb, M., Hussain, H. I., Kot, S., Androniceanu, A., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2019). Role of social and technological challenges in achieving a sustainable competitive advantage and sustainable business performance. Sustainability, 11(14), 3811.
Hatcher, L., & Ross, T. L. (1991). From individual incentives to an organization‐wide gainsharing plan: Effects on teamwork and product quality. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12(3), 169-183.
Haythorn, W. (1953). The influence of individual members on the characteristics of small groups. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48(2), 276.
Healey, A. N., Undre, S., & Vincent, C. A. (2004). Developing observational measures of performance in surgical teams. BMJ Quality & Safety, 13(suppl 1), i33-i40.
Heslin, R. (1964). Predicting group task effectiveness from member characteristics. Psychological Bulletin, 62(4), 248.
Holbrook, A. L., Green, M. C., & Krosnick, J. A. (2003). Telephone versus face-to-face interviewing of national probability samples with long questionnaires: Comparisons of respondent satisficing and social desirability response bias. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(1), 79-125.
Holt, A. (2010). Using the telephone for narrative interviewing: a research note. Qualitative Research, 10(1), 113-121.
Hsu, Y. (2017). Work values, conflict, and team cooperation among engineering designers. Journal of Engineering Design, 28(10-12), 799-820.
Jackson, S. E., Brett, J. F., Sessa, V. I., Cooper, D. M., Julin, J. A., & Peyronnin, K. (1991). Some differences make a difference: Individual dissimilarity and group heterogeneity as correlates of recruitment, promotions, and turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(5), 675.
Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative Science Quarterly, 256-282.
Jenkins Jr, G. D., Mitra, A., Gupta, N., & Shaw, J. D. (1998). Are financial incentives related to performance? A meta-analytic review of empirical research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(5), 777.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1974). Instructional goal structure: Cooperative, competitive, or individualistic. Review of Educational Research, 44(2), 213-240.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2002). Cooperative learning and social interdependence theory. In Theory and Research on Small groups (pp. 9-35). Springer, Boston, MA.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2011). Intellectual legacy: Cooperation and competition. In Conflict, Interdependence, and Justice (pp. 41-63). Springer, New York, NY.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2014). Cooperative Learning in 21st Century.[Aprendizaje cooperativo en el siglo XXI]. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 30(3), 841-851.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, S. (1972). The effects of attitude similarity, expectation of goal facilitation, and actual goal facilitation on interpersonal attraction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8(3), 197-206.
Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Roseth, C. (2010). COOPERATIVE LEARNING IN MIDDLE SCHOOLS Interrelationship of Relationships and Achievement. Middle Grades Research Journal, 5(1).
Kanter, R. M. (1968). Commitment and social organization: A study of commitment mechanisms in utopian communities. American Sociological Review, 499-517.
Kenrick, D. T., & Funder, D. C. (1988). Profiting from controversy: Lessons from the person-situation debate. American Psychologist, 43(1), 23.
Khan, I. (2018). Does Team Mindfulness Predict Project Team Performance? The Role of Team Cohesion and Effective Team Leadership (Doctoral dissertation, CAPITAL UNIVERSITY).
Kimmel, M. J., Pruitt, D. G., Magenau, J. M., Konar-Goldband, E., & Carnevale, P. J. (1980). Effects of trust, aspiration, and gender on negotiation tactics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(1), 9.
Kira, A., Nichols, D. M., & Apperley, M. (2009). Human communication in customer-agent-computer interaction: Face-to-face versus over telephone. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(1), 8-20.
Kistruck, G. M., Lount Jr, R. B., Smith, B. R., Bergman Jr, B. J., & Moss, T. W. (2016). Cooperation vs. competition: Alternative goal structures for motivating groups in a resource scarce environment. Academy of Management Journal, 59(4), 1174-1198.
Kohn, A. (2013). No contest: The case against Competition. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
Kostopoulos, K. C., & Bozionelos, N. (2011). Team exploratory and exploitative learning: Psychological safety, task conflict, and team performance. Group & Organization Management, 36(3), 385-415.
Kramer, R. M. (1999). Trust and distrust in organizations: Emerging perspectives, enduring questions. Annual review of psychology, 50(1), 569-598.
Kuwabara, K., Vogt, S., Watabe, M., & Komiya, A. (2014). Trust, cohesion, and cooperation after early versus late trust violations in two-person exchange: The role of generalized trust in the United States and Japan. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(4), 344-360.
Latané, B., Williams, K., & Harkins, S. (1979). Many hands make light the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(6), 822.
Leavitt, H. J. (1951). Some effects of certain communication patterns on group performance. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46(1), 38.
Lee, P., Gillespie, N., Mann, L., & Wearing, A. (2010). Leadership and trust: Their effect on knowledge sharing and team performance. Management Learning, 41(4), 473-491.
Levine, J. M., & Moreland, R. L. (Eds.). (2006). Small Groups: Key Readings. Psychology Press.
Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., & Lindzey, G. (Eds.). (1998). The Handbook of Social Psychology (Vol. 1). Oxford University Press.
Lewicki, R. J., McAllister, D. J., & Bies, R. J. (1998). Trust and distrust: New relationships and realities. Academy of Management Review, 23(3), 438-458.
Liang, H. Y., Shih, H. A., & Chiang, Y. H. (2015). Team diversity and team helping behavior: The mediating roles of team cooperation and team cohesion. European Management Journal, 33(1), 48-59.
Lim, B. C., & Ployhart, R. E. (2004). Transformational leadership: relations to the five-factor model and team performance in typical and maximum contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4), 610.
Lin, C. P., He, H., Baruch, Y., & Ashforth, B. E. (2017). The effect of team affective tone on team performance: The roles of team identification and team cooperation. Human Resource Management, 56(6), 931-952.
Locke, E. A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Personnel Psychology, 50(3), 801.
Lokshin, B., Carree, M. A., & Belderbos, R. (2007). Testing for complementarity and substitutability in the case of multiple practices. Available at SSRN 1101447.
Lott, A. J., & Lott, B. E. (1965). Group cohesiveness as interpersonal attraction: A review of relationships with antecedent and consequent variables. Psychological Bulletin, 64(4), 259.
Loughead, T. M., Colman, M. M., & Carron, A. V. (2001). Investigating the mediational relationship of leadership, class cohesion, and adherence in an exercise setting. Small Group Research, 32(5), 558-575.
Ma, H. (2000). Competitive advantage and firm performance. Competitiveness Review, 10(2), 15-32.
Mach Piera, M., Dolan, S. L., & Tzafrir, S. (2010). The differential effect of team members' trust on team performance: The mediation role of team cohesion. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 2010, vol. 83, num. 3, p. 771-794.
Marsh, K. L., Richardson, M. J., & Schmidt, R. C. (2009). Social connection through joint action and interpersonal coordination. Topics in Cognitive Science, 1(2), 320-339.
Marshall, M. N. (1998). How well do general practitioners and hospital consultants work together? A qualitative study of cooperation and conflict within the medical profession. British Journal of General Practice, 48(432), 1379-1382.
May, M. A., & Leonard William, D. (1937). Competition and Cooperation (Vol. 25). Social Science research council.
Mayer, R. C., Davis, J. H., & Schoorman, F. D. (1995). An integrative model of organizational trust. Academy of Management Review, 20(3), 709-734.
McAllister, D. J. (1995). Affect-and cognition-based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38(1), 24-59.
McGrath, J. E., & Berdahl, J. L. (2002). Groups, technology, and time. In Theory and research on Small Groups (pp. 205-228). Springer, Boston, MA.
Mclntire, R., & Salas, E. (1995). Measuring and managing for team performance: Lessons from complex environments. Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Mead, M. (Ed.). (2002). Cooperation and Competition among Primitive Peoples (Vol. 123). Transaction Publishers.
Milgrom, P. (1992). Economics, organization and management.
Miller, R. (2009). Cooperation, Coordination, and Connection: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Intersectoral Collaboration through the Lens of Stormwater Management.
Mitkidis, P., Lienard, P., Nielbo, K. L., & Sørensen, J. (2014). Does goal-demotion enhance cooperation?. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 14(3-4), 263-272.
Mohrman, S. A., Cohen, S. G., & Morhman Jr, A. M. (1995). Designing team-based organizations: New forms for Knowledge Work. Jossey-Bass.
Moreland, R. L., Argote, L., & Krishnan, R. (2002). Training people to work in groups. In Theory and Research on Small Groups (pp. 37-60). Springer, Boston, MA.
Mugera, A. W. (2012). Sustained competitive advantage in agribusiness: Applying the resource-based theory to human resources. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 15(1030-2016-82811), 27-48.
Na, Y. K., & Kang, S. (2018). Effects of core resource and competence characteristics of sharing economy business on shared value, distinctive competitive advantage, and behavior intention. Sustainability, 10(10), 3416.
Norem‐Hebeisen, A. A., & Johnson, D. W. (1981). The relationship between cooperative, competitive, and individualistic attitudes and differentiated aspects of self‐esteem 1. Journal of Personality, 49(4), 415-426.
Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., Morrison, B., & Grace, D. (1995). Becoming an in-group: Reexamining the impact of familiarity on perceptions of group homogeneity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52-60.
Oksenberg, L., Coleman, L., & Cannell, C. F. (1986). Interviewers' voices and refusal rates in telephone surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 50(1), 97-111.
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2005). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Sage Publications.
Parsons, T. (1964). Some theoretical considerations bearing on the field of medical sociology. Social Structure and Personality, 258-291.
Pruitt, D. G. (1983). Strategic choice in negotiation. American Behavioral Scientist, 27(2), 167-194.
Rafay, A., & Gilani, U. (2016). Banking competition and stability: Evidence from inter-continental markets. Rafay, A. & Gilani, UJ (2016). Banking Competition and Stability: Evidence from Inter-continental Markets. DLSU Business and Economics Review, 25(2), 24-40.
Renzl, B. (2008). Trust in management and knowledge sharing: The mediating effects of fear and knowledge documentation. Omega, 36(2), 206-220.
Rezvani, A., Barrett, R., & Khosravi, P. (2019). Investigating the relationships among team emotional intelligence, trust, conflict and team performance. Team Performance Management: An International Journal.
Roseth, C. J., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2008). Promoting early adolescents' achievement and peer relationships: The effects of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 223.
Rubin, H. J., & Rubin, I. S. (2011). Qualitative Interviewing: The art of hearing data. sage.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67.
Salas, E., Blaiwes, A. S., Reynolds, R. E., Glickman, A. S., & Morgan, B. B. (1985). Teamwork from team training: New directions. In Proceedings of the 7th Interservice/Industry Training Equipment Conference and Exhibition (Vol. 1, pp. 400-406).
Sanders, K., Schyns, B., Dietz, G., & Den Hartog, D. N. (2006). Measuring trust inside organisations. Personnel review.
Schaubroeck, J., Lam, S. S., & Cha, S. E. (2007). Embracing transformational leadership: Team values and the impact of leader behavior on team performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1020.
Schneider, B., Goldstiein, H. W., & Smith, D. B. (1995). The ASA framework: An update. Personnel Psychology, 48(4), 747-773.
Scott Tindale, R., & Anderson, E. M. (1998). Small group research and applied social psychology: An introduction. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS TO SOCIAL ISSUES, 4, 1-8.
Severinov, S. (2008). The value of information and optimal organization. The RAND Journal of Economics, 39(1), 238-265.
Sewell, W. H., & Shah, V. P. (1967). Socioeconomic status, intelligence, and the attainment of higher education. Sociology of Education, 1-23.
Silvester, J., & Chapman, A. J. (1997). Asking" why?" in the workplace: Causal attributions and organizational behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior (1986-1998), 1.
Slavin, R. E. (1980). Cooperative learning. Review of Educational Research, 50(2), 315-342.
Srivastava, A., Bartol, K. M., & Locke, E. A. (2006). Empowering leadership in management teams: Effects on knowledge sharing, efficacy, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), 1239-1251.
Stout, R. J., Salas, E., & Fowlkes, J. E. (1997). Enhancing teamwork in complex environments through team training. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(2), 169.
Strube, M. J., Keller, N. R., Oxenberg, J., & Lapidot, D. (1989). Actual and Perceived Group Performance as a Function of Group Composition: The Moderating Role of the Type A and B Behavior Patterns 1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 19(2), 140-158.
Tajfel, H., Turner, J. C., Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. Organizational Identity: A Reader, 56, 65.
Tannenbaum, S. I., Beard, R. L., & Salas, E. (1992). Team building and its influence on team effectiveness: An examination of conceptual and empirical developments. In Advances in Psychology (Vol. 82, pp. 117-153). North-Holland.
Tauer, J. M., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (2004). The effects of cooperation and competition on intrinsic motivation and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(6), 849.
Thomas, K. W. (1992). Conflict and negotiation processes in organizations.
Tjosvold, D. (1974). THREAT AS A LOW-POWER PERSONS STRATEGY IN BARGAINING-SOCIAL FACE AND TANGIBLE OUTCOMES. International Journal of Group Tensions, 4(4), 494-510.
Tjosvold, D. (1985). Implications of controversy research for management. Journal of Management, 11(3), 21-37.
Tjosvold, D. (1992). Antecedents of cooperation and competition: Evidence from 15 organizations. Manuscript, Simon Fraser University, British Columbia, Canada.
Tjosvold, D. (1998). Cooperative and competitive goal approach to conflict: Accomplishments and challenges. Applied Psychology, 47(3), 285-313.
Tjosvold, D., & Deemer, D. K. (1980). Effects of controversy within a cooperative or competitive context on organizational decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(5), 590.
Tjosvold, D., & Field, R. (1984). Managers’ structuring cooperative and competitive controversy in group decision making. International Journal of Management, 1(1), 2013-454.
Tjosvold, D., & Johnson, D. W. (1978). Controversy within a cooperative or competitive context and cognitive perspective-taking. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 3(4), 376-386.
Tjosvold, D., & Sun, H. F. (2001). Effects of influence tactics and social contexts in conflict: An experiment on relationships in China. International Journal of Conflict Management, 12(3), 239-258.
Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D., & O'Reilly III, C. A. (1992). Being different: Relational demography and organizational attachment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 549-579.
Tziner, A., & Eden, D. (1985). Effects of crew composition on crew performance: Does the whole equal the sum of its parts?. Journal of Applied Psychology, 70(1), 85.
University of Oklahoma. Institute of Group Relations, & Sherif, M. (1961). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment (Vol. 10, pp. 150-198). Norman, OK: University Book Exchange.
Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35-67.
Valentinov, V. L. (2004). Toward a social capital theory of cooperative organisation. Journal of Cooperative Studies, 37(3), 5-20.
Van der Borgh, M., De Jong, A., & Nijssen, E. J. (2019). Why helping coworkers does not always make you poor: The contingent role of common and unique position within the sales team. Industrial Marketing Management, 77, 23-40.
Wang, D., Waldman, D. A., & Zhang, Z. (2014). A meta-analysis of shared leadership and team effectiveness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(2), 181.
Ward, K., Gott, M., & Hoare, K. (2015). Participants’ views of telephone interviews within a grounded theory study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(12), 2775-2785.
Weber, B., & Heidenreich, S. (2018). When and with whom to cooperate? Investigating effects of cooperation stage and type on innovation capabilities and success. Long Range Planning, 51(2), 334-350.
Weiner, B. (1995). Judgments of Responsibility: A Foundation for a Theory of Aocial Conduct. guilford Press.
Wiersema, M. F., & Bantel, K. A. (1992). Top management team demography and corporate strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 91-121.
Williams, W. M., & Sternberg, R. J. (1988). Group intelligence: Why some groups are better than others. Intelligence, 12(4), 351-377.
Woodman, R. W., Sawyer, J. E., & Griffin, R. W. (1993). Toward a theory of organizational creativity. Academy of Management Review, 18(2), 293-321.
Wörter, M., Rammer, C., & Arvanitis, S. (2010). Innovation, competition and incentives for R&D. ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper, (10-039).
Wright, P. M., McMahan, G. C., & McWilliams, A. (1994). Human resources and sustained competitive advantage: a resource-based perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(2), 301-326.