從2012年以來伴隨台灣人口老化的十大死因中，七項重大疾病占比越來越高。加上嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎(COVID-19)疫情下，醫療風險的不確定性，啟發本研究探討中高齡長者罹患重大疾病的就醫行為意向。本研究為橫斷面研究，應用計劃行為理論來探討中高齡長者罹患重大疾病在疫情下之就醫行為意向。。通過人體試驗委員會審核後以問卷調查進行資料蒐集，在2022年07月至2022年09月於國軍高雄總醫院門診和住診患者進行問卷調查，共526份有效問卷。使用偏最小平方法結構方程模型進行結構方程式分析。研究發現「態度」、「主觀規範」與「知覺行為控制」之外，擴增「知覺風險」、「信任」兩項重要構念，更能夠完整解釋患者的就醫意向。分析結果中，結構式的5大構面和12項子構面，共17項假設全部都成立。五大構面中最重要的是信任，依序為態度，知覺風險，知覺行為控制和主觀規範。其次，各子構面均受五大構面顯著中介效果影響行為意向。而三種常見重大疾病病因(高血壓、高血糖、高血脂)與本研究擴增的計畫行為理論之就醫行為意向模式具有顯著差異性。
本研究對於病患的實務意涵，建議中高齡重大疾病患者與社區鄰近醫院或經常看診互動的醫院、醫生形成高度的連結，以確實掌握醫療相關資訊，以防緊急求醫之需。對於醫師的實務意涵，疫情下病患對醫院的信任高於對醫師的信任，建議醫師必須跟醫院建立起良好的合作關係，配合醫院的醫療服務品質政策，另外應該提升自身對於病患治療的善意和同理心，並且保持誠實和正直的醫德。對於醫院的實務意涵，醫院應積極提升醫療設備與品質，吸引優質的醫師加入，獲得病患的肯定與信任。同時配合政府防疫政策，建構優質的就醫環境，並監督院內同仁接種疫苗，降低傳播風險。最後，應積極建立多元的溝通管道，連結社區內的民間社團和宗教機構，辦理相關便民的醫療服務和民眾教育，深化社區醫療服務和熟知醫療資訊的推廣。

Since 2012, seven critical illnesses have been among Taiwan’s top 10 causes of death because of the aging of Taiwan’s population. In addition, because of the medical risks of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study explored the behavioral intention (BI) of middle-aged and older individuals with critical illnesses to seek medical treatment. This study was a cross-sectional study, applying the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explore the behavioral intention of seeking medical treatment of middle-aged and elderly people suffering from major diseases under the epidemic situation. After committee review of the Institutional Review Board (IRB), data were collected by a questionnaire of outpatients and inpatients at Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital from July to September 2022, with 526 valid questionnaires being returned. Structural equation analysis was applied by least squares structural equation modeling (smart PLS). This study disclosed that in addition to “attitude (AT)”, “subjective norms (SN)” and “perceived behavioral control (PBC)”, the two important constructs of “perceived risk (PR)” and “trust (TR)” can be expanded to fully explain patients' intention to seek medical treatment. The analysis demonstrated that the 5 main dimensions and 17 sub-facets could be established. The most important of the five dimensions is TR, followed by AT, PR, PBC, and SN. Secondly, each sub-facets were affected by the significant mediating effect of the five main dimensions on BI. There were significant differences between the three common causes of critical illness (hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia) and the pattern of intention to seek medical treatment based on the planned behavior theory amplified in this study.
The practical implications of these results are that middle-aged and older patients with critical illnesses form strong connections with neighboring hospitals in the community and frequently visit and interact with doctors at hospitals to acquire medical information and prevent emergencies. Patients have more trust in hospitals than in individual doctors during the pandemic. Individual doctors should establish positive cooperative relationships with hospitals, follow hospitals’ medical service quality policies, and improve patient care. Medical ethics emphasizes the importance of goodwill, empathy, honesty, and integrity. Improving medical equipment and services, employing high-quality physicians, and gaining the trust of patients are vital for hospitals. They must also follow the government’s pandemic prevention strategies to create an environment for high-quality medical care and ensure that staff are vaccinated to prevent transmission. Multiple channels of communication should be established, and civil society organizations and religious institutions should be integrated. Community medical services should provide convenient and efficient medical care.

論文審定書i
Acknowledgments ii
中文摘要 iii
Abstract iv
Contents vi
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
List of Appendi xi

Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Motivations 1
1.2 Research Aims 7
1.3 Research Steps and Processes 8
Chapter 2 Literature Review 9
2.1 Critical Illness 9
2.2 Planning Behavior Theory 14
2.2.1 The theory of planned behavior (TPB) 14
2.2.2 The application of planned behavior theory to the study of medical behavior 19
2.3 Health-care Seeking Behavior 24
2.3.1 Definition of Health-care Seeking Behavior 24
2.3.2 Research on the factors affecting the intention to seek medical treatment 24
2.4 Perceived Risk 31
2.4.1 Definition of Perceived Risk 31
2.4.2 Factors Affecting Perceived Risk 33
2.4.3 Research on Perceived Risk 35
2.5 Trust 38
2.5.1 Definition of trust 38
2.5.2 Factors Affecting Trust (Aspects) 41
2.5.3 Related research on medical trust 43
Chapter 3 Research Methods 46
3.1 The Research Structure and Research Hypothesis 46
3.2 The Research Design 50
3.2.1 Screening of Research Subjects 50
3.2.2 Estimation of Sample Size 50
3.3 The Research Tool 51
3.3.1 Survey Design 51
3.4 Formal Questionnaire Description 60
3.4.1 Dimensional description of the research on medical behavior intention 60
3.4.2 Definition of Basic Data Operation 66
3.5 Statistical Analysis Methods 68
3.5.1 Descriptive statistics 68
3.5.2 Partial Least Squares Method 68
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion 72
4.1 Sample characteristic analysis 72
4.2 Reliability and Validity Analysis 76
4.3 Discriminant validity analysis 81
4.4 Model Relationships and Hypothesis Validation 85
4.5 Analysis of variance 101
4.5.1 T-test analysis of Gender on all variables 101
4.5.2 T-test analysis of marital status on all variables 102
4.5.3 ANOVA analysis of educational level and all variables 103
4.5.4 ANOVA analysis of age and all levels of variables 105
4.5.5 ANOVA analysis of Occupation and all variables 106
4.5.6 ANOVA Analysis of Household Annual Income and All Variables 107
4.5.7 ANOVA Analysis of Religious Belief and All Variables 108
4.5.8 T-test analysis of all variables about “whether there is a medical history of critical illness or not” 110
4.5.9 T-test analysis of all variables about “whether there is insurance that one had or not” 111
4.5.10 T-test analysis of all variables about “whether the individual has obtained the national health insurance major injury card certificate” 111
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations 112
5.1 Conclusion 112
5.2. Research contributions 120
5.2.1 Academic Contributions 120
5.2.2 Contributions in practice 120
5.3 Research limitations and recommendations for future research 124
References 126
Appendix 141

List of Figures
Figure 1-1
Trends in Birth Rates and Mortality Rates 2
Figure 1 -2
Statistics of top 10 causes of death in recent years 4
Figure 1 -3
Continuum of evaluation for different types of products. 6
Figure 1- 4
Research Flow Chart 8
Figure 3- 1
Research Architecture 47
Figure 3-249
Conceptual Framework 49
Figure 4-1
SEM OF THE RESEARCH MODEL 85
Figure 4-2
SEM of Research model assumptions established by cases of different diseases 100


List of Tables
Table 2- 1
Comparison of “Type A” and “Type B” of Critical Illness in the insurance industry and their standard definitions 10
Table 2-2
Statistical table of valid certificate of major disability certificate 11
Table 2-3
The number of applications for major injuries and illnesses in the National Health Insurance Bureau in 2021 13
Table 2-4
Summary of TPB Healthcare Related Studies19
Table 2-5
Breaking Down Determinants of Health Care Seeking Behavior 25
Table 2-6
Statistics on the Influencing Factors of People Seeking Medical Care 26
Table 2-7
Domestic and Foreign related Research on Medical Treatment Behavior 27
Table 2-8
Summary of Relevant Factors affecting “Doctor-Seeking Behavior” 29
Table 2-9
Summary of Definitions of Perceived Risk 32
Table 2-10
Dimensional Correlation Studies of Perceived Risk 33
Table 2-11
A summary of studies related to perceived risk and health care 35
Table 2-12
Dimensional arrangement of perceived risk of medical treatment behavior 37
Table 2-13
Summary of Definitions of Trust 40
Table 2-14
Dimensions of Trust 42
Table 2-15
Summary of Related Researches on Trust and Medical Behavior 43
Table 3-1
Summary of the Hypotheses of this Study 48
Table 3-2
Definition of Questionnaire Contents 53
Table 3-3
Background Description of Experts 57
Table 3-4
Expert Validity Analysis Statistics 59
Table 3-5
Description of the Content of the Questionnaire 60
Table 3- 6
Basic Data Variable Operational Type Definition 66
Table 3-7
Reliability and validity test indicators 70
Table 4-1
Basic Information of Subjects74
Table 4-2
Results of reliabilities and AVE. 77
Table 4-3
Weights and loading of measures 78
Table 4-4
Cross-factor loading matrix 81
Table 4-5
Correlation among constructs and the square root of the AVE 84
Table 4-6
Hypothesis testing 86
Table 4-7
Significance of mediation effect 95
Table 4-8
Research model assumptions established by cases of different diseases 99

List of Appendix
Appendix 1
t-test analysis of gender on all variables 141
Appendix 2
t-test analysis of marital status on all variables 143
Appendix 3
ANOVA analysis of education level on all variables 145
Appendix 4
ANOVA analysis of age on all variables 148
Appendix 5
ANOVA analysis of all variables by occupation 152
Appendix 6
ANOVA analysis of annual household income on all variables 155
Appendix 7
ANOVA analysis of religious belief on all variables 158
Appendix 8
t-test analysis of all variables whether there is a history of critical illness or not 160
Appendix 9
t-test analysis of Whether there is insurance that one had for all variables 162
Appendix 10
“Whether an individual has obtained a card of critical illness from the national health insurance” t-test analysis of all variables 164
Appendix 11
Research questionnaire 166

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