該研究的重點是將升級回收作為法國時裝業可持續商業模式的一部分。 它基於這種方 法確定了四種不同的商業模式，並分析了它們的經濟、環境和社會績效。 這項研究提 供了有關這些模型在可持續性方面對時裝業的影響的寶貴信息。 然而，它也強調了行 業內整體生態系統變革的必要性，以確保長期可持續性。

The study focuses on the use of the practice of upcycling as part of a sustainable business model in the fashion industry in France. It identifies four distinct business models based on this practice and analyses their economic, environmental, and social performance. This research provides valuable information on the impact that these patterns can have on the fashion industry in terms of sustainable development. However, it also highlights the need for an overall ecosystem change within the industry to ensure long-term sustainability.

Thesis/Dissertation Validation Letter............................................................i
Acknowledgement........................................................................................ii
Abstract (Chinese)........................................................................................iii
Abstract (English).........................................................................................iv
Chapter 1: Introduction ...............................................................................1
Chapter 2: Literature review.........................................................................8
I. Analysis of circular business models in the fashion industry................. 9
A. Identification of circular business models..............................................9
B. Circular fashion ......................................................................................11
II. The components of a well-functioning circular fashion ...................... 15
A. Fashion stakeholders .............................................................................15
B. Performance measurement for sustainable business models.............17
III. Upcycling in circular fashion................................................................ 21
A. Presentation of the upcycling practice .................................................21
B. Upcycling techniques ............................................................................22
C. Critiques on the sustainability and feasibility of upcycling .................24
Chapter 3: Methodology.............................................................................26
I. Approach and objective...........................................................................26
II. Research area ........................................................................................ 26
III. Data collection ..................................................................................... 27
Chapter 4: Empirical work .........................................................................28
Chapter 5: Findings ....................................................................................33
I. Transforming the French fashion industry: Adopting circular business models and upcycling practices ............................................................... 33
A. Revolutionizing the French Fashion Industry with Circular Business Models.........................................................................................................33
B. From Trash to Resource: Embracing Upcycling in Circular Fashion........................................................................................................35
II. Revitalizing Waste: Exploring the range of Business Models in the French Fashion Industry using upcycling................................................. 39
A. Genuine business model: Reuse of post-consumption waste..............39
B. Emerging business model: Use of pre-consumption waste.................43
C. Service model for BtoC: supporting consumers to upcycle their clothes.........................................................................................................45
D. BtoB Facilitators: Helping Fashion Brands Embrace Upcycling....................................................................................................46
III. Limits and strategies to empower upcycling business models ......... 48
Chapter 5: Conclusion ...............................................................................52
Chapter 6: Discussion.................................................................................53
Chapter 7: Limitations and future research...............................................55
References ..................................................................................................56
Appendix: Interview Guide.........................................................................61

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