本研究收集2003年至2020年間臺灣周遭海域擱淺之小抹香鯨(Kogia breviceps)、糙齒海豚(Steno bredanensis)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops aduncus)及瓶鼻海豚(Tursiops truncatus)，以火焰式及石墨式原子吸收光譜儀進行其肌肉、肝臟、腎臟與肺臟中鐵、鋅、銅、錳與鎘濃度之分析，藉此探討鯨豚體內重金屬濃度之種別和組織差異，及其濃度與體長的相關性。同時分析肌肉中碳氮同位素，探討鯨豚棲地與食階之差異。根據碳氮同位素的結果得知，小抹香鯨和糙齒海豚為主要棲息於較外海與深海的齒鯨，以及小抹香鯨主要攝食深海頭足類為主。重金屬濃度在種別間有蓄積差異，小抹香鯨肌肉及腎臟中鐵濃度(分別為613±189、880±277 mg/kg dry wt.)高於其他三個物種，推測與牠們的潛水能力及生理結構上的不同有關，導致鯨豚對重金屬有不同的需求及利用的情形。本研究發現四種齒鯨其組織中的鐵、鋅、銅及錳元素主要會累積在肝臟中，而鎘元素則是累積在腎臟中。此外，小抹香鯨的肝臟及腎臟中的鐵濃度以及肌肉中的鎘濃度皆與體長呈正相關，而小抹香鯨肌肉中的鋅濃度、腎臟中的錳濃度以及瓶鼻海豚與糙齒海豚肌肉中的錳濃度則均與體長呈負相關。這五種重金屬濃度在這四種鯨豚中有不同的蓄積情形，推測可能與其生理需求有關，以及不同的年齡對於元素的需求也有所不同。與近年來其他海域相比，本研究發現臺灣周遭海域的海洋重金屬污染情況相對輕微，並未呈現出較高的趨勢。

This study collected four species of stranded cetaceans, including Kogia breviceps (pygmy sperm whale), Steno bredanensis (rough-toothed dolphin), Tursiops aduncus (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin), and Tursiops truncatus (common bottlenose dolphin), from the water around Taiwan from 2003 to 2020. The samples were analyzed for the concentrations of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, and cadmium in these cetaceans' muscles, liver, kidneys, and lungs by flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The study aimed to investigate the variations of heavy metal concentrations and tissue differences among the cetaceans, as well as their correlation with body length. Additionally, carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope analysis was conducted on the muscles to explore differences in habitat and diet.
Based on the carbon and nitrogen isotope results, it was found that K. breviceps and S. bredanensis primarily inhabit the continental shelf and deep-sea regions, and K. breviceps with a diet mainly consisting of deep-sea cephalopods. Regarding heavy metal concentrations, there were accumulation differences among the species. Fe concentrations in the muscle and kidney tissues of K. breviceps (613±189 and 880±277 mg/kg dry weight, respectively) were higher than the other three species, likely due to their diving capabilities and physiological differences, resulting in varied requirements and utilization of heavy metals. The study revealed that Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn elements were primarily accumulated in the liver tissues of the four cetacean species, while Cd was found to accumulate in the kidney tissues. Furthermore, positive correlations were observed between Fe concentrations in the liver and kidney tissues of K. breviceps, as well as Cd concentrations in the muscle tissue. Conversely, negative correlations were observed between Zn concentrations in muscle tissue, Mn concentrations in kidney tissue of K. breviceps, and Mn concentrations in the muscle tissues of T. truncatus and S. bredanensis, respectively.
The accumulation patterns of these five heavy metals varied among the four cetacean species, likely due to their physiological requirements and different age-related elemental demands. In comparison to other marine areas in recent years, the concentrations of heavy metals in the coastal waters of Taiwan did not show a higher pollution trend.

目錄
論文審定書……………………………………………………………..i
誌謝……………………………………………………………………..ii
中文摘要………………………………………………………………..iii
英文摘要………………………………………………………………..iv
目錄……………………………………………………………………..vi
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………..ix
表目錄…………………………………………………………………..xii
一、前言
1.1 臺灣周邊海域的鯨豚簡介……………………………………1
1.2 碳氮同位素與鯨豚生態………………………………………1
1.3 臺灣過去鯨豚重金屬組織累積之相關研究…………………2
1.4 本研究四種鯨豚之介紹………………………………………6
1.5 研究目的………………………………………………………8
二、材料與方法
2.1 樣品來源………………………………………………………10
2.2 樣品前處理……………………………………………………10
2.3 重金屬分析方法………………………………………………11
2.3.1 元素分析用樣品的消化與定容……………………….11
2.3.2 品保(QA)及品管(QC)…………………………………12
2.3.3 重金屬定量分析……………………………………….14
2.4 碳氮同位素測定………………………………………………15
2.4.1 油脂萃取……………………………………………….15
2.4.2 待測樣品前處理……………………………………….16
2.4.3 碳氮同位素分析……………………………………….17
2.5 統計分析………………………………………………………17
三、結果
3.1 標準樣品分析結果……………………………………………19
3.2 肌肉中碳氮同位素……………………………………………19
3.2.1 種別差異……………………………………………….19
3.2.2 與體長的相關性……………………………………….20
3.3 重金屬濃度在各組織中的種別差異…………………………20
3.3.1 鐵……………………………………………………….20
3.3.2 鋅……………………………………………………….21
3.3.3 銅……………………………………………………….22
3.3.4 錳……………………………………………………….22
3.3.5 鎘……………………………………………………….23
3.4 重金屬濃度在同物種中的組織差異…………………………23
3.4.1 小抹香鯨……………………………………………….24
3.4.2 瓶鼻海豚……………………………………………….24
3.5 組織重金屬濃度與體長之相關性……………………………25
3.6 組織重金屬濃度與碳氮同位素之關係………………………25
3.7 各組織間重金屬之相關性……………………………………27
3.8 集群分析(Cluster)以及多元尺度分析(MDS)………………..28
四、討論
4.1 四種鯨豚的棲地與食階差異…………………………………29
4.2 五種重金屬濃度在種別間的蓄積差異………………………32
4.3 五種重金屬濃度在組織間的蓄積差異………………………33
4.4 五種重金屬濃度與鯨豚體長間之相關性……………………34
4.5 鯨豚各組織中五種重金屬濃度之關係………………………35
4.6 臺灣海域四種鯨豚組織五種重金屬與世界文獻之比較……36
五、參考文獻………………………………………………………38
六、圖………………………………………………………………52
七、表………………………………………………………………75
圖目錄
圖1. 本研究採集鯨豚樣本之擱淺地點………………………………50
圖2. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)之碳氮同位素………………………………………………..51
圖3. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)之碳氮同位素與體長的相關性……………………………..52
圖4. 鐵濃度在小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及
瓶鼻海豚(Tt)組織中的種別差異………………………………..53
圖5. 鋅濃度在小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及
瓶鼻海豚(Tt)組織中的種別差異………………………………..54
圖6. 銅濃度在小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及
瓶鼻海豚(Tt)組織中的種別差異………………………………..55
圖7. 錳濃度在小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及
瓶鼻海豚(Tt)組織中的種別差異………………………………..56
圖8. 鎘濃度在小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及
瓶鼻海豚(Tt)組織中的種別差異………………………………..57
圖9. 重金屬蓄積在小抹香鯨(Kb)體內的組織差異………………….58
圖10. 重金屬蓄積在瓶鼻海豚(Tt)體內的組織差異…………………59
圖11. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)組織中鐵濃度與體長之相關性……………………………60
圖12. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)組織中鋅濃度與體長之相關性……………………………61
圖13. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)組織中銅濃度與體長之相關性……………………………62
圖14. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)組織中錳濃度與體長之相關性……………………………63
圖15. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)組織中鎘濃度與體長之相關性……………………………64
圖16. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)組織中重金屬濃度與15N 之相關性……………………...65
圖17. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)組織中重金屬濃度與15N 之相關性……………………...66
圖18. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)組織中重金屬濃度與13C 之相關性……………………...67
圖19. 小抹香鯨(Kb)、糙齒海豚(Sb)、印太瓶鼻海豚(Ta)及瓶鼻海豚
(Tt)組織中重金屬濃度與15N 之相關性……………………...68
圖20. 四種鯨豚個體之肌肉、肝臟及腎臟組織中鐵、鋅、銅、錳及
鎘濃度，以相似度分析(Similarity)及集群分析(Cluster)做分群………………………………………………………………..69
圖21. 四種鯨豚其肌肉組織中鐵、鋅、銅、錳及鎘濃度之多元尺度
分析(MDS)……………………………………………………...70
圖22. 四種鯨豚其肝臟組織中鐵、鋅、銅、錳及鎘濃度之多元尺度
分析(MDS)……………………………………………………...71
圖23. 四種鯨豚其腎臟組織中鐵、鋅、銅、錳及鎘濃度之多元尺度
分析(MDS)……………………………………………………...72
表目錄
表1. 臺灣過去對鯨豚組織重金屬的相關研究回顧…………………73
表2. 臺灣過去研究之鯨豚物種與隻數………………………………74
表3. 本研究使用西元2003~2020 年間台灣地區鯨豚樣本之清單....75
表4. 2003~2020 年鯨豚各組織樣本統計表………………………...76
表5. 各元素之國際標準品測值及本研究之回收率(單位為 mg/kg dry
wt.)………………………………………………………………..77
表6. 四種鯨豚其肌肉、肝臟、腎臟及肺臟組織中鐵、鋅、銅、錳及
鎘濃度(中位數及範圍，單位為 mg/kg dry wt.)……………….78
表7. 四種鯨豚其肌肉、肝臟、腎臟及肺臟組織中鐵、鋅、銅、錳及
鎘的平均濃度(平均、標準差及範圍，單位為 mg/kg dry
wt.)………………………………………………………………..79
表8. 小抹香鯨的肌肉、肝臟及腎臟中鐵、鋅、銅、錳及鎘濃度之相
關性(Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient)…………………80
表9. 海豚科(印太瓶鼻海豚、瓶鼻海豚、糙齒海豚)的肌肉、肝臟及
腎臟中鐵、鋅、銅、錳及鎘濃度之相關性(Spearman's Rank
Correlation Coefficient)…………………………………………..81
表10. 本研究與世界各海域研究之鯨豚肌肉、肝臟、腎臟及肺臟內
鐵、鋅、銅、錳與鎘濃度……………………………………..82

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