一國的政府穩定度會因政府型態的不同而有所改變，而政府穩定也會間接影響不同層面的問題，而本文就法案推動情形是否表示政府穩定程度進行探討。羅馬尼亞是新興民主國家之一，由於多元政黨體系的緣故，造就了其長期面臨著政府不穩定的局面，因此本文主旨於探討羅馬尼亞三種程度的共治時期下具爭議性法案的推動情況。
而根據研究結果發現，在政府不穩定的情況下羅馬尼亞之法案推動並無削減，若無外力介入的情況，在政府甚至是國會仍能夠順利推動，並且主要來自於追求四大面向議題的推行，包括醫療體系問題、政治腐敗問題、能源交易問題以及道德思想問題。更值得一提的是，在「腐敗合法化」該特定議題上執政黨及反對黨雙方不如從前的對立，反而傾向互相支持。另外，總統的立場亦是影響法案推動要素之一，就研究結果顯示，當行政及立法皆屬不同黨人士或抗議規模較大的情況下，總統傾向於表達反對意見，這不僅有助於與反對黨抗衡，同時也助長其個人聲譽。

The stability of a country's government will change due to different forms of governance, and government stability will also indirectly affect issues on various levels. This article discusses whether the situation of bill promotion indicates the degree of government stability. Romania is one of the emerging democracies. Due to the multi-party system, it has faced long-term government instability. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to explore the promotion of controversial bills under Romania’s three levels of cohabitation.
According to the research findings, it has been discovered that under conditions of government instability, the promotion of bills in Romania has not been reduced. In the absence of external intervention, even in a situation of an unstable government or parliament, the promotion of bills can proceed smoothly. This is primarily driven by the pursuit of four key issue areas, including problems within the healthcare system, issues of political corruption, energy trading matters, and ethical and moral concerns. It is worth noting that, regarding the specific issue of "corruption legalization," both the ruling party and the opposition are less confrontational than before and tend to support each other instead.Furthermore, the stance of the president also constitutes one of the influencing factors in bill promotion. According to research results, when the executive and legislative branches are composed of different party members or in cases of larger-scale protests, the president tends to express dissenting opinions. This not only helps to balance against the
opposition party but also enhances the president's personal reputation.

論文審定書......................................................... i
摘要......................................................... ii
Abstract......................................................... iii
目錄......................................................... iv
圖目錄......................................................... vi
表目錄......................................................... vii
第一章 緒論 ......................................................... 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 ............................................. 1
第二節 研究問題與目的 ............................................. 7
第三節 研究方法 .................................................. 12
第二章 文獻回顧 .................................................... 14
第一節 半總統制的界定 ............................................ 14
第二節 半總統制下的政府型態 ...................................... 17
第三節 政府穩定 .................................................. 24
第三章 羅馬尼亞概述：案例選擇 ...................................... 32
第一節 歷史背景 .................................................. 32
第二節 憲政規範與總統權力 ........................................ 33
第三節 政府型態與政黨體系 ........................................ 36
第四節 研究指標設定 .............................................. 41
第五節 延伸推論 .................................................. 46
第四章 法案案例 .................................................... 48
第一節 共治次高時期 .............................................. 52
一、採礦法案.................................................... 53
二、頁岩氣法案.................................................. 54
三、小結........................................................ 56
第二節 共治最高時期 .............................................. 58
一、第一次刑法改革.............................................. 60
二、第二次刑法改革及司法改革.................................... 62
三、第三次刑法改革.............................................. 63
四、小結........................................................ 66
第三節 共治最低時期 .............................................. 68
一、2009 年至 2012 年 ............................................ 68
二、2019 年至今 ................................................. 71
三、小結........................................................ 78
第四節 綜合分析 .................................................. 79
第五章 結論 ........................................................ 83
參考文獻 ........................................................... 86
壹、中文部分 ..................................................... 86
貳、外文部分 ..................................................... 89

一、專書
吳玉山、沈有忠、張峻豪、陳宏銘、蔡榮祥，2017，《半總統制下的權力三角：總統、國會、內閣》，台北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
吳玉山、沈有忠、林繼文、張峻豪、蔡榮祥、石鵬翔、郝培芝、陳宏銘、蘇子喬、李鳳玉、藍夢荷，2012，《權力在哪裡？從多個角度看半總統制》，台北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
林繼文、林佳龍、顏厥安、李建良、蔡英文、陳敦源、鄭曉時、謝相慶、盛杏湲、王業立、黃豪聖，2004，《政治制度》，台北：中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心。
孫關宏、胡雨春、任軍鋒，2003，《政治學概論》，上海：復旦大學出版社。
陳宏銘，2019，《半總統制在台灣：總統權力新視角》，台北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。
廖達琪、沈有忠、陳月卿，2015，《半總統制跨洲比較：亞洲與歐洲的對話》，台北：國立中山大學出版社。
二、期刊、論文
王維芳，2002，〈「半總統制」下的政府穩定：以中華民國為例〉，《遠景基金會季刊》，3(3)：47-74。
吳玉山，2002，〈半總統制下內閣組成與政府穩定：比較俄羅斯、波蘭與中華民國〉，《俄羅斯學報》，2：229 -265。
吳玉山，2011，〈半總統制：全球發展與研究議程〉，《政治科學論叢》，47：1-32。
沈有忠，2003，〈半總統制下的權力集散與政府穩定－台灣與威瑪共和的比較〉，《臺灣民主季刊》，1(3)：99-129。
沈有忠，2011，〈半總統制下行政體系二元化之內涵〉，《政治科學論叢》，47：33-64。
沈有忠，2014，〈原子化社會下的民主化與憲政運作：以羅馬尼亞半總統制為例〉，《東吳政治學報》，32(1)：1-52。
李俊達，2011，〈憲政規則與理性選擇：台灣少數政府的存續（2000～2008）〉，《社會科學論叢》，5(2)：1-32。
李正通，2011，歐洲化衝擊的差異：羅馬尼亞與保加利亞加入歐盟期間推動人權保障之進展比較，《歐美研究》，42(1)：167-219。
李鳳玉，2007，〈半總統制下的總統干政與政府穩定：威瑪德國、法國第五共和、後共波蘭與台灣〉，《碩士論文》，國立臺灣大學政治學研究所。
周陽山，1996，〈總統制、議會制、半總統制與政府穩定〉，《問題與研究》，35(8)：50-61。
林繼文，2009，〈共治可能成為半總統制的憲政慣例嗎？法國與台灣的比較〉，《東吳政治學報》，27(1)：1-51。
黃秀瑞，2003，〈少數政府在國會的困境〉，《台灣政治學刊》，7(2)：3-49
許恒禎，2014，〈半總統制下不同政府型態之比較：羅馬尼亞與臺灣〉，《中華行政學報》，(14)：89-126。
胡祖慶，1996，〈政治制度與政府穩定：以後冷戢時期的東歐為例〉，《問題與研究》，35(7)：73-82。
施偉仁，2004，〈半總統制下總統權力與政治表現-以芬蘭和我國為例〉，《國際論壇》，3：91-106。
盛杏湲，2002，〈立法機關與行政機關在立法過程中的影響力：一致政府與分立政府的比較〉，台灣政治學刊，7(2)：51-105。
張峻豪，2011，〈半總統制運作類型的跨國研究〉，問題與研究，50(2)：107-142。
馮美瑜，2006，〈我國「分立政府」體制下的政黨合作與衝突：Party Alliances and Conflicts in Divided Government of Taiwan〉，北台學報，29：302-325。
廖達琪、陳月卿，2016，〈半總統制下國會監督實際作為之初探-台灣立法院與法國國民議會之比較〉，《政治科學論叢》，69：27-74。
廖達琪、陳月卿，2021，〈總統制下的立法課責：台灣與法國國會制度面的比較研究〉，《問題與研究》，60(1)：75-128。
蘇子喬，2010，〈憲政體制與選舉制度的配套思考〉，《政治科學論叢》，44：35-74。
蘇子喬，2011，〈哪一種半總統制?--概念界定爭議的釐清〉，《東吳政治學報》，29(4)：1-2。
蘇子喬、王業立，2014，〈總統與國會選舉制度對半總統制憲政運作的影響-法國與台灣的比較〉，《政治科學論叢》，62：35-78。
蘇惟揚，2016，〈法國與我國在半總統體制上之制度差異-中華民國邁向「總理總統制」次類型之制度初探〉，《美和學報》，35(2)：69-82。
蔡榮祥、石鵬翔，2011，〈總理總統制與政府穩定：以烏克蘭、羅馬尼亞為例〉，《政治科學論叢》，(47)：65-106。
三、專文
吳玉山，2017，〈總統直選與半總統制憲政運作〉，風傳媒，取自：
https://www.storm.mg/article/336557?mode=whole，檢索日期：2023 年 5月 23 日。
四、新聞
徐子軒，2017，〈政治竊賊：羅馬尼亞，未竟的民主轉型〉，轉角國際，取自：http://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8663/2297926，檢索日期：2023 年 5 月 23 日。
陳紹國，2010，〈歐盟委員會: 保加利亞和羅馬利亞須深化司法改革、整治腐敗〉，鉅亨網新聞中心，取自：
https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/3356433，檢索日期：2023 年 5 月 23
日。
一、專書
Blondel, J. 1982. The Organization of Governments:A Comparative Analysis of Governmental Structures. SAGE Publications.
Cohler, A. M., Miller, B. C., & Stone, H. S. 1989. Montesquieu: The spirit of the laws.Cambridge University Press.
Elgie, R. 2011. Semi-Presidentialism: Sub-Types And Democratic Performance. Oxford University Press, USA.
Heywood, A. 1997. Politics. London:Bloomsbury Academic.
Huntington, S .P. 2006. Political order in changing societies. Yale University Press.
Maxwell, J. A. 1996. Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Samuels, D., & Shugart, M. S. 2009. Presidents, Parties, Prime Ministers: A Framework for Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Sartori, G. 1994. Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures Incentives and Outcomes. New York University Press.
Shugart, M. S., & Carey, J. M. 1992. Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral. Cambridge University Press.
Verba, S., & Nie, N. H. 1987. Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. University of Chicago Press.
二、期刊、論文
Duverger, M. 1980.“A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidentialist
Government.”European Journal of Political Research,8(2):165-187.
Lin, J. W. 2002.“Democratic Stability under Taiwan's Semi-Presidentialist
Constitution.”Issues & Studies,38(1):47-79.
Pfiffner, J. P. 1991.“Divided Government and the Problem of Governance.” Political Science and Politics,24(4):653-657.
Protsyk, O. 2006.“Intra-Executive Competition between President and Prime Minister: Patterns of Institutional Conflict and Cooperation under Semi-Presidentialism.”Political Studies,54(2):219–244.
Shugart, M. S. 2005.“Semi-Presidential System:Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns.”French politics ,3:323–351.
三、網站
Agence France. 2017.“Romania protests continue despite repeal of corruption decree.”The
guardian:https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/05/romaniangovernment-scraps-corruption-decree-as-opposition-continues. (May 15,2023).
Al Jazeera. 2015.“Romania PM Ponta resigns over nightclub fire.” Al
Jazeera:https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/11/4/romania-pm-ponta-resignsover-nightclub-fire. (May 15,2023).
Stan, A., & Blagean, A. I. 2021.“Following in the footsteps of Italy: will the right to work in Romania be conditional upon holding a Covid-19 Green Pass?” Wolf Theiss:https://www.wolftheiss.com/insights/following-in-the-footsteps-of-italywill-the-right-to-work-in-romania-be-conditional-upon-holding-a-covid-19-greenpass/.(May 15,2023).
BBC. 2019.“Romania corruption: PSD chief Liviu Dragnea jailed.”
BBC:https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-48421430. (May 15,2023).
BBC. 2012.“Romania reinstates Raed Arafat after protests.”
BBC:https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-16600965. (May 15,2023).
BBC. 2013.“EU LGBT survey: Poll on homophobia sparks concern.”
BBC:https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22563843. (May 15,2023).
Bukharin, I. 2015.“Romanian environmentalists protest plan to mine gold using cyanide in Rosia Montana heritage area, 2002-2013.” Global Nonviolent Action Database:https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/romanian-environmentalistsprotest-plan-mine-gold-using-cyanide-rosia-montana-heritage-area. (May 15,2023).
Cabrera, C. G. 2020.“Romanian Court Slams Law Banning Discussion of Genderin Education.” Human right watch:https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/17/romaniancourt-slams-law-banning-discussion-gender-education. (May 15,2023).
CNN. 2012.“There is the text of the cooperation agreement between president Băsescu and prime minister Ponta.” CNN:https://www.antena3.ro/en/politics/there-is-thetext-of-the-cooperation-agreement-between-president-basescu-and-prime-ministerponta-196712.html. (May 15,2023).
Deutsche Welle. 2018.“Romanian president won't approve reforms.” Deutsche Welle:https://www.dw.com/en/romanian-president-refuses-to-approvecontroversial-judicial-reforms/a-43624451. (May 15,2023).
Deutsche Welle. 2018.“EU warns Romania against judicial reforms.” Deutsche Welle:https://www.dw.com/en/eu-warns-romania-against-planned-judicialreforms/a-42294820. (May 15,2023).
Deutsche Welle. 2018.“Romanian protesters clash with police.” Deutsche
Welle:https://www.dw.com/en/romanian-expats-return-home-for-major-antigovernment-protest-clash-with-police/a-45034900. (May 15,2023).
Deutsche Welle. 2018.“Romanian president told to fire anti-graft boss.” Deutsche Welle:https://www.dw.com/en/romanian-court-rules-president-must-fire-anticorruption-chief/a-44013293. (May 15,2023).
Deutsche Welle. 2018.“Romanian parliament votes for more corruption.” Deutsche Welle:https://www.dw.com/en/romania-parliament-approves-laws-to-hamper-anticorruption-efforts/a-44285222.(May 15,2023).
Deutsche Welle. 2018.“Romanian protesters clash with police.” Deutsche
Welle:https://www.dw.com/en/romanian-expats-return-home-for-major-antigovernment-protest-clash-with-police/a-45034900. (May 15,2023).
Dumitrescu, R. 2022.“Bill barring convicted felons from public office passed into law in Romania.” Romania-insider.com:https://www.romania-insider.com/bill-barringconvicted-felons-public-office-law-romania. (May 15,2023).
Dumitrescu, R. 2023.“Romanian Senate passes threshold of EUR 50,000 for abuse of office.” Romania-insider.com:https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-senatepasses-threshold-abuse-office-2023. (May 15,2023).
Ernst, I. 2023.“Romanian lawmakers fail to amend abuse of office bill in line with Constitutional Court's recommendation.” Romaniainsider.com:https://www.romania-insider.com/lawmakers-abuse-officeamendment-april-2023. (May 15,2023).
Ghirda, V., & Niksic, S. 2020.“Romania: Fire in COVID-19 intensive care unit kills 10.” Apnews:https://apnews.com/article/romania-fires-coronavirus-pandemic657f2b197e264ff68bac3e9756f23182. (May 15,2023).
Gillet, K. 2017. “We must fight on -Romania’s crusader against corruption will not back down.” The Guardian:https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/12/romaniacorruption-chief-prosecutor-laura-codruta-kovesi--steely-vigilance. (May 15,2023).
Harris, V. L. 2013.“Mine Project Launches Protest Movement.” Der Spiegel:
https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/romanian-mining-plan-sparks-mass-national-protests-a-923625.html. (May 15,2023).
Ilie, L., & Marinas, R. 2021.“Romania's COVID-19 deaths hit record as intensive care beds run out.” Reuter:https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romania-reportsrecord-number-deaths-covid-19-infections-2021-10-19/.(May 15,2023).
Marinas, R. S. 2018.“Romania moves closer to decriminalizing abuse of office, critics cry foul.” Yahoo:https://www.yahoo.com/news/romania-moves-closerdecriminalizing-abuse-office-critics-cry-133049716.html. (May 15,2023).
Melenciuc, S. 2019.“Romania begins major health reform to boost private funding.”
Business Review:https://business-review.eu/business/healthcare/br-analysisromania-begins-major-health-reform-to-boost-private-funding-202223. (May 15,2023).
Moisescu, C., & Wedeman, B. 2021.“Bodies pile up outside hospital morgue as Romania struggles with fourth wave of Covid.”
CNN:https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/22/europe/romania-covid-19-vaccineskepticism-intl-cmd/index.html. (May 15,2023).
Curierul National. 2015.“Unul din patronii Colectiv a ajuns la DNA. În dosar e vizat și Piedone, care va fi cercetat pentru abuz în serviciu.”
Curierulnational.ro:http://www.curierulnational.ro/Eveniment/2015-11-
06/Unul+din+patronii+Colectiv+a+ajuns+la+DNA.+In+dosar+e+vizat+%C8%99i+Piedone,+care+va+fi+cercetat+pentru+abuz+in+serviciu. (May 15,2023).
Neagu, B. 2022.“Romania abandons plan to introduce COVID passes for workers.”
Euractiv:https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/romania-abandonsplan-to-introduce-covid-passes-for-workers/.(May 15,2023).
Necsutu, M. 2019.“Romania Justice Referendum Deals Blow to Ruling Party.”
Balkaninsight https://balkaninsight.com/2019/05/27/romania-justice-referendumdeals-blow-to-ruling-party/.(May 15,2023).
Nitu, M. 2021.“Dragnea este liber, acum, dar cu interdicţii. Până în 2024, nu mai are dreptul să fie ales sau să ocupe funcţii publice.”
Mediafax:https://www.mediafax.ro/social/dragnea-este-liber-acum-dar-cuinterdictii-pana-in-2024-nu-mai-are-dreptul-sa-fie-ales-sau-sa-ocupe-functiipublice-20189573.(May 15,2023).
Paun, C. 2018.“Anti-corruption body slams Romania’s justice and criminal law reforms.” Politico:https://www.politico.eu/article/anti-corruption-body-slamsromania-parliament-bucharest-justice-and-criminal-law-reforms/.(May 15,2023).
Phillips, L. 2010.“Romania sees biggest protest since 1989 over austerity measures.”
Euobserver:https://euobserver.com/eu-political/30111. (May 15,2023).
Reuters. 2013. “Thousands protest in Romania against shale gas, gold mine.”
Reuters:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-shale-protestidUSBRE99I09M20131019. (May 15,2023).
Reuters. 2023.“Romania fails to uphold same-sex couples' rights, European court rules.”
Reuters:https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/romania-fails-uphold-same-sexcouples-rights-eu-court-rules-2023-05-23/.(May 15,2023).
Romania-Insider.com. 2022.“Romanian Senate tacitly passes anti-LGBTIQ+ bill.”Romania-Insider.com:https://www.romania-insider.com/romanian-senate-passesanti-lgbtiq-law. (May 15,2023).
Ursulean, V. 2013.“Stopping Europe’s biggest gold mine.” Al Jazzera:
https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2013/11/27/stopping-europes-biggest-goldmine. (May 15,2023).
You, D. S. 2014.“Romanian citizens of Pungesti backed by Greenpeace force Chevron to stop fracking operations.” Global Nonviolent Action
Database :https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/romanian-citizens-pungestibacked-greenpeace-force-chevron-stop-fracking-operations-2014. (May 15,2023).